Blood 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Thrombin produced by and what does it need to be in the presence of in the common pathway?

A

The inactive precursor prothrombin in the presence of prothrombinase complex

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2
Q

What does Thrombin activate in the common pathway?

A

Fibrinogen to fibrin

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3
Q

What is needed to convert Fibrin to its stable form?

A

Calcium and factor XIII

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4
Q

What two pathways can the active factor X pathway come from in vivo?

A

The Initiation of clotting pathway and the Amplification of plotting pathway

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5
Q

What are the steps in the Initiation pathway in vivo?

A

Tissues damage releases TF and in the presence of VII and calcium and phospholipid from the platelet surface activates factor X in the common pathway

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6
Q

What is different about the Initiation pathway in Vivo?

A

The combination produced activated both factor X in the common pathway and factor IX in the Amplification pathway

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7
Q

What is factor IX used?

A

In the amplification pathway in vivo

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8
Q

What is factor IX a component in and in what pathway?

A

Tenase in the amplification pathway

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9
Q

What can the combination produced in the initiation pathway activate?

A

Factor X and factor IX

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10
Q

What occurs when factor IX is activated by the initiation pathway?

A

It becomes part of Tenase in the amplification pathway

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11
Q

Which factor is not present in the Amplification pathway In Vivo and why?

A

Hageman’s factor XII, because it only causes problems clotting In Vitro

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12
Q

What starts off the Amplification pathway In Vivo?

A

Activation of factor IX

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13
Q

When can factor IX be produced in the amplification pathway In Vivo?

A

It can be produced by Initiation pathway or by factor XI in the presence of calcium

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14
Q

How is factor IX activated in the Amplification pathway in Vivo?

A

It is activated by factor XI in the presence of calcium

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15
Q

Once factor IX is activated in the Amplification pathway in vivo what occurs?

A

It joins the tenase complex and activates factor X in the common pathway

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16
Q

What activates factor XIII in the common pathway in vivo?

A

Thrombin

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17
Q

What can Thrombin activate in the Prothrombinase complex in vivo?

A

Factor V

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18
Q

What does Thrombin activating factor V in the prothrombinase complex in the common pathway do in vivo?

A

It causes the Prothrombinase complex to act more effectively

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19
Q

How can Thrombin affect the Tenase complex in the Amplification pathway in vivo?

A

It activates factor VIII

20
Q

In which pathway is the Tenase complex found?

A

The amplification pathway in vivo

21
Q

In which pathway is the Prothrombinase complex found?

A

In the common pathway in vivo

22
Q

How does Thrombin activating factor VIII in vivo affect the amplification pathway?

A

It causes Tenase to act more effectively

23
Q

What is the main role of Thrombin in vivo?

A

Convert fibrinogen to fibrin in vivo

24
Q

What are the side roles of Thrombin in vivo?

A
  • Activates factor XIII
  • Activates factor V
  • Activates factor VIII
  • Activates factor XI
25
Q

What does the activation of factor XIII do?

A

Convert unstable fibrin to stable fibrin

26
Q

What does the activation of factor V do?

A

Increases the effectiveness of the Prothrombinase complex

27
Q

What does activation of factor VIII do?

A

Increases the effectiveness of the Tenase complex

28
Q

What does the activation of factor XI do?

A

Start off the amplification pathway

29
Q

Why is Thrombin important in vivo?

A

It amplifies the response of blood clotting in many steps

30
Q

Where does Thrombin amplify blood clotting in vivo?

A
  • Converts fibrin to stable fibrin
  • Activates factor V in prothrombinase in the common pathway
  • Activates factor VIII in tenase in the amplification pathway
  • Activates factor XI in the beginning of the amplification pathway
31
Q

How does Thrombin affect Fibrin?

A

It converts fibrinogen to fibrin and converts fibrin to its stable form

32
Q

How does Thrombin affect Thrombinase?

A

It activates factor V which is a component of prothrombinase

33
Q

How does Thrombin affect Tenase?

A

It activates VIII which is a component of Tenase

34
Q

How does Thrombin first affect the amplification pathway?

A

It activates factor XI

35
Q

How do platelets change when they become activated?

A

They change their shape and release various substances

36
Q

What protein can Thrombin also activate?

A

Protein C

37
Q

What does the body use to ensure a clot only forms where it is needed?

A

Anticoagulants

38
Q

What is Fibrinolysis?

A

The breakdown of a blood clot when we no longer need it

39
Q

What are the Anticoagulants produced by the body?

A
  • TFPI (Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor)
  • Antithrombin 3
  • Thrombomodulin
  • Proteins C and S
40
Q

How does TFPI act as an anticoagulant?

A

Inhibits active factor X and active factor VII

41
Q

How does Antithrombin 3 act in anticoagulation?

A

Inhibits Thrombin

42
Q

How does Thrombomodulin act in anticoagulation?

A

Changes thrombin activity

43
Q

How does Protein C and S act in anticoagulation?

A

Inihbit active factor V and active factor VIII

44
Q

How does Thrombin usually act in terms of Coagulation?

A

Thrombin is usually a procoagulant substance when not bound to thrombomodulin

45
Q

What general effects does Thrombin have when bound to Thrombomodulin?

A

Anticoagulant activity

46
Q

How does Thrombin exhibit anticoagulant activity?

A

Normal endothelial cells have Thrombomodulin (TM) which bind to Thrombin and modulates its activity. This activates protein C and causes the breakdown of clotting factors V and VIII inhibiting clotting

47
Q

What occurs once the Thrombin and TM complex bind to protein C?

A

It causes the breakdown of factor V and VIII