Secondary Immunodeficiency - HIV Flashcards
How are Secondary Immunodeficiencies acquired?
They are acquired
Overall cascade of how HIV, AIDS and infections work?
- HIV affects body to a certain extent
- AIDS is the manifestation of that
- Opportunistic infection, neoplasms and neuro manifestations will then occur
What is the most risky form of transmission for HIV and why?
Sex - mucosa is thin
Besides sex, how is HIV transmitted?
Needles, blood transfusions, mother to baby
What type of virus is HIV?
Retrovirus
In what family of viruses is HIV?
Lentivirus family
- latency period
Most common secondary immunodeficiency?
HIV
HIV makes DNA or RNA and what is the order?
RNA - then DNA - then RNA - then proteins
What gene encodes proteins inside HIV?
gag
What gene encodes surface glycoproteins for HIV?
env
What gene encodes viral enzymes for HIV?
pol
What gene initiates transcription of HIV?
LTR
What molecule does HIV use for a receptor?
CD4 T cell
What glycoprotein on the surface of HIV binds to CD4?
gp120
Binding of gp120 allows for?
Secondary binding to coreceptor (CCR5)
Once HIV is bound to the CD4 T cell, then what occurs?
gp41 uses fusion peptide to drill T cell and insert viral RNA genome
What glycoprotein drills into the T cell to allow insertion of RNA genome?
gp41
Once the HIV RNA genome is in the host cell, what enzyme takes the RNA to DNA?
Reverse Transcriptase
Once HIV DNA is created, what enzyme inserts the DNA into host genome?
Integrase
Once the DNA is in the host genome, what type of stimulation will cause transcription of viral RNA?
Antigenic stimuli with NF-KB
When NF-KB stimulates LTR to initiate transcription of HIV RNA, what will then result?
Virus will replicate and kill the host cell
With sexual transmission of HIV, mucosal injury allows the virus to reach what cells?
DCs
When DCs have HIV, where do they take it?
Lymph node CD4 cells
Once HIV reaches the lymph nodes, where does it go?
Spreads throughout the body
Acute phase of HIV?
First few weeks, as the virus spreads throughout the body
What is the viral set point?
End of the initial spike in the virus
- can predict effect on CD4s
After the Acute phase with HIV, what occurs next?
Immune response: Anti-HIV antibodies are made
- Partial control of viral replication
After the Acute phase and Anti-HIV Abs made, what occurs next?
Chronic phase - Clinical latency
What occurs with the Chronic phase of HIV?
clinical latency
Virus is in many tissues, silently massacring CD4 T cells
How long can the Chronic phase/clinical latency of HIV be?
Years
What will end the Clinical latency phase of HIV?
Microbial infections!!!
Cytokines
Once microbial infections end the clinical latency phase of HIV, what occurs?
Increased viral replication
= Depletion of CD4 T cells
Once microbial infections end the clinical latency phase of HIV, what occurs?
Viral replication
= Depletion of CD4 T cells
Severe depletion of CD4 T cells?
AIDS
How long is the window period (time before (+) test) with HIV?
7-14 days
What is the first thing detected when testing for HIV?
RNA
- via Nucleic Acid Test (NAT)
What is the second thing detected when testing for HIV?
P24 caspid
What is the third thing detected when testing for HIV?
Anti-HIV Antibodies
What virus can cause CNS symptoms with AIDS?
Toxoplasmosis
What fungus causes pulmonary symptoms with AIDS?
Pneumocystis Jiroveci
AIDs patients who get Kaposi Sarcoma must also have?
HHV-8
AIDs patients who get B cell lymphomas must also have?
Epstein Barr virus
AIDs patients who get cervical cancer must also have?
Human papilloma virus
Brain condition seen with AIDS patients?
Encephalopathy (damage to brain)
What cells are reservoirs for HIV?
Macrophages/Monocytes
How does HIV cause brain damage (encephalopathy)?
Macrophages infect other macrophages, but the ones in the brain (microglia) and the virus causes neuronal damage
