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MOD > Secondary Immunodeficiency - HIV > Flashcards

Secondary Immunodeficiency - HIV Flashcards

1
Q

How are Secondary Immunodeficiencies acquired?

A

They are acquired

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2
Q

Overall cascade of how HIV, AIDS and infections work?

A
  • HIV affects body to a certain extent
  • AIDS is the manifestation of that
  • Opportunistic infection, neoplasms and neuro manifestations will then occur
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3
Q

What is the most risky form of transmission for HIV and why?

A

Sex - mucosa is thin

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4
Q

Besides sex, how is HIV transmitted?

A

Needles, blood transfusions, mother to baby

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5
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

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6
Q

In what family of viruses is HIV?

A

Lentivirus family

- latency period

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7
Q

Most common secondary immunodeficiency?

A

HIV

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8
Q

HIV makes DNA or RNA and what is the order?

A

RNA - then DNA - then RNA - then proteins

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9
Q

What gene encodes proteins inside HIV?

A

gag

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10
Q

What gene encodes surface glycoproteins for HIV?

A

env

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11
Q

What gene encodes viral enzymes for HIV?

A

pol

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12
Q

What gene initiates transcription of HIV?

A

LTR

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13
Q

What molecule does HIV use for a receptor?

A

CD4 T cell

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14
Q

What glycoprotein on the surface of HIV binds to CD4?

A

gp120

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15
Q

Binding of gp120 allows for?

A

Secondary binding to coreceptor (CCR5)

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16
Q

Once HIV is bound to the CD4 T cell, then what occurs?

A

gp41 uses fusion peptide to drill T cell and insert viral RNA genome

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17
Q

What glycoprotein drills into the T cell to allow insertion of RNA genome?

A

gp41

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18
Q

Once the HIV RNA genome is in the host cell, what enzyme takes the RNA to DNA?

A

Reverse Transcriptase

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19
Q

Once HIV DNA is created, what enzyme inserts the DNA into host genome?

A

Integrase

20
Q

Once the DNA is in the host genome, what type of stimulation will cause transcription of viral RNA?

A

Antigenic stimuli with NF-KB

21
Q

When NF-KB stimulates LTR to initiate transcription of HIV RNA, what will then result?

A

Virus will replicate and kill the host cell

22
Q

With sexual transmission of HIV, mucosal injury allows the virus to reach what cells?

A

DCs

23
Q

When DCs have HIV, where do they take it?

A

Lymph node CD4 cells

24
Q

Once HIV reaches the lymph nodes, where does it go?

A

Spreads throughout the body

25
Q

Acute phase of HIV?

A

First few weeks, as the virus spreads throughout the body

26
Q

What is the viral set point?

A

End of the initial spike in the virus

- can predict effect on CD4s

27
Q

After the Acute phase with HIV, what occurs next?

A

Immune response: Anti-HIV antibodies are made

- Partial control of viral replication

28
Q

After the Acute phase and Anti-HIV Abs made, what occurs next?

A

Chronic phase - Clinical latency

29
Q

What occurs with the Chronic phase of HIV?

clinical latency

A

Virus is in many tissues, silently massacring CD4 T cells

30
Q

How long can the Chronic phase/clinical latency of HIV be?

A

Years

31
Q

What will end the Clinical latency phase of HIV?

A

Microbial infections!!!

Cytokines

32
Q

Once microbial infections end the clinical latency phase of HIV, what occurs?

A

Increased viral replication

= Depletion of CD4 T cells

33
Q

Once microbial infections end the clinical latency phase of HIV, what occurs?

A

Viral replication

= Depletion of CD4 T cells

34
Q

Severe depletion of CD4 T cells?

A

AIDS

35
Q

How long is the window period (time before (+) test) with HIV?

A

7-14 days

36
Q

What is the first thing detected when testing for HIV?

A

RNA

- via Nucleic Acid Test (NAT)

37
Q

What is the second thing detected when testing for HIV?

A

P24 caspid

38
Q

What is the third thing detected when testing for HIV?

A

Anti-HIV Antibodies

39
Q

What virus can cause CNS symptoms with AIDS?

A

Toxoplasmosis

40
Q

What fungus causes pulmonary symptoms with AIDS?

A

Pneumocystis Jiroveci

41
Q

AIDs patients who get Kaposi Sarcoma must also have?

A

HHV-8

42
Q

AIDs patients who get B cell lymphomas must also have?

A

Epstein Barr virus

43
Q

AIDs patients who get cervical cancer must also have?

A

Human papilloma virus

44
Q

Brain condition seen with AIDS patients?

A

Encephalopathy (damage to brain)

45
Q

What cells are reservoirs for HIV?

A

Macrophages/Monocytes

46
Q

How does HIV cause brain damage (encephalopathy)?

A

Macrophages infect other macrophages, but the ones in the brain (microglia) and the virus causes neuronal damage

MOD (68 decks)

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