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MOD > Chronic Inflammation, Systemic Effects and Scar Formation (3) > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation, Systemic Effects and Scar Formation (3) Flashcards

1
Q

3 causes of Chronic Inflammation

A
  1. Persistent Infection
  2. Hypersensitivity Disease
  3. Prolonged exposure to toxic agents
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2
Q

ex. of a hypersensitivity disease that can cause chronic inflammation

A

Autoimmune

Asthma

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3
Q

ex. of a toxic agent that with prolonged exposure can cause chronic inflammation

A

Silica

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4
Q

What cells infiltrate with chronic inflammation?

A

Monocytes/Macrophages and Lymphocytes

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5
Q

Dominant cell with chronic inflammation?

A

MACROPHAGES

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6
Q

Where are macrophages derived from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow postnatally

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7
Q

Macrophages circulating in blood are called?

A

Monocytes

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8
Q

Liver macrophages are called?

A

Kupffer cells

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9
Q

CNS macrophages are called?

A

Microglia

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10
Q

Skin macrophages are called?

A

Langerhans cells

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11
Q

2 pathways for macrophage activation?

A

M1 - classical

M2 - alternative

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12
Q

What stimulates the M1 activation pathway?

A

IFNgamma

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13
Q

What stimulates the M2 activation pathway?

A

IL-13 and IL-4

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14
Q

What do M1 macrophages release?

A

ROS, NO, lysosomal enzymes

IL-1, IL-12, chemokines

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15
Q

What do M1 macrophages cause to happen?

A

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

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16
Q

What do M2 macrophages release?

A

IL-10

TGF-beta

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17
Q

What do M2 macrophages cause to happen?

A

Anti-inflammatory effects

Tissue repair

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18
Q

What cells amplify chronic inflammation due to generation of memory cells?

A

T and B Lymphocytes

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19
Q

In what reactions are eosinophils abundant?

A

IgE and Parasitic

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20
Q

Eosinophilic granules release a major basic protein. List 1 good and 1 bad effect.

A 
Good = kills parasites
Bad = damages epithelial cells
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21
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation is a type of _____ inflammation

A

Chronic

22
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation is characterized by collections of what 2 cell types?

A

Macrophages

T lymphocytes

23
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation has a central area of?

A

Necrosis

24
Q

What is an example of a Granulomatous Inflammation?

A

Tuberculosis

25
Q

3 things involved in the Acute Phase Response (systemic effects of inflammation)?

A

Fever
Acute Phase Reactants
Leukocytosis

26
Q

What is Leukocytosis?

A

Increased production of leukocytes

  • Can see more immature neutrophils “left shift”
  • Seen in an Acute Phase response (systemic effects of inflammation)
27
Q

What are 3 Acute Phase Reactants?

A
  1. C reactive protein
  2. Fibrinogen
  3. Serum Amyloid Associated Protein (AA)
28
Q

C reactive protein and AA are both aid in clearing?

A

Clearing necrotic debris

29
Q

C reactive protein and fibrinogen are both stimulated by?

A

IL-6

30
Q

Increased Fibrinogen causes what to form?

A

Rouleaux = RBC stacking

31
Q

Increased Fibrinogen increases RBC stacking which increases?

A

ESR - sedimentation rate

32
Q

A normal ESR is usually below?

A

20 for men

30 for women

33
Q

Bacterial infections have increased?

A

Neutrophils

34
Q

Viral infections have increased?

A

Lymphocytes

35
Q

Allergies and parasites have increased?

A

Eosinophils

36
Q

Tissue repair occurs by what 2 processes?

A
  1. Regeneration of new cells - normal

2. Deposition of connective tissue - scar

37
Q

What molecule stimulates cell proliferation for tissue repair?

A

TGFbeta

38
Q

Labile tissues

A

Continuously dividing

ex. Surface epithelia

39
Q

Stable tissues

A

Arrested in G0 stage

ex. Liver, kidney, pancreas

40
Q

Permanent tissues

A

Terminally differentiated

ex. CNS neurons and heart

41
Q

Main steps in scar formation?

A

Inflammation
Cell proliferation - 10 days
Formation of Granulation tissue
Deposition of Connective Tissue

42
Q

Cell proliferation during scar formation includes what cell types?

A

Epithelial, Endothelial and Fibroblasts

43
Q

What do fibroblasts produce at the wound site for scar formation?

A

Collagen

44
Q

Granulation tissue includes?

A

Fibroblasts, Loose CT and mononuclear leukocytes

45
Q

What molecule stimulates the deposition of connective tissue for scar formation?

A

TGFbeta

46
Q

What provides growth factors for proliferating tissues and stimulates fibroblasts proliferation during scar formation?

A

Macrophages

47
Q

What remodel scar via collagen and ECM degradation after its formed?

A

Matrix Metalloproteinases

48
Q

Hypertrophic scar

A

Excessive collagen accumulation

49
Q

Keloid

A

Scar tissue continues to grow and does NOT regress

50
Q

Keloids are more common in what race?

A

African Americans

51
Q

Ulcers are found with defects in?

A

Wound healing

MOD (68 decks)

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