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MOD > Neoplasia (7) - Cancer Hallmarks 3-10 > Flashcards

Neoplasia (7) - Cancer Hallmarks 3-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Warburg effect favors what energy usage?

A

Aerobic Glycolysis

increased glucose -> Lactose

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2
Q

What is the result of the Warburg effect?

A

Cell creates more metabolites needed for synthesis of cellular components
= cell replication with the cancer cell components!

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3
Q

If tumor cells use Autophagy, what does that allow them to do?

A

“hibernate” and SURVIVE harsh nutrient periods

- Recycling their own contents

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4
Q

2 mechanisms for evasion of cell death?

A

DECREASE P53

INCREASE BCL-2 = ANTI-apoptosis

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5
Q

If a cell increases BCL-2, what does that result in?

A

ANTI-apoptosis = Cell survival

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6
Q

Normally, what shortens on chromosomes over time as the cell divides multiple times?

A

Telomeres

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7
Q

Once the telomeres are too short, what stops?

A

Cell division

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8
Q

Once the telomeres are too short for cell division, what results?

A

Senescence (permanent cell cycle arrest)

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9
Q

What do cancer cells use to stop telomere shortening so they can divide indefintitely?

A

Telomerase!

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10
Q

Job of Telomerase?

A

Protects the telomeres from shortening so cell division can occur forever

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11
Q

Tumors cannot enlarge past 1-2 mm without inducing?

A

Angiogenesis

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12
Q

Normally, there is equal balance between angiogenic inhibitors and activators. What gets turned on for there to be more angiogenic activators?

A

Angiogenic Switch

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13
Q

What is an important angiogenic activator?

A

VEGF

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14
Q

What activates VEGF and thus angiogenesis?

A

Hypoxia and HIF1

RAS and MYC

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15
Q

What are the 3 barriers for cancer cells to get through to metastasize?

A
  1. Cell basement membrane
  2. Into the blood vessel
  3. Out of the blood vessel
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16
Q

What normally adheres the cancer cells together?

A

E-cadherin

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17
Q

What reduces E-caderin expression?

A

Epithelial - Mesenchymal Transition

18
Q

What does the Epithelial - Mesenchymal Transition do?

A

Reduces expression of E-cadherin and thus the cancer cells are not held together!

19
Q

If the cancer cells are not adhered to each other, what has been lost?

A

E-cadherin

20
Q

What do cancer cells secrete to degrade the cell basement membrane so they can get into the blood stream?

A

Matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs)

21
Q

What immune cells normally defend against and kill tumor cells?

A

CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

22
Q

What things can tumor cells express on their surface that CD8+ CTL T cells will recognize?

A

Self antigen

Oncogenic virus

23
Q

Tumor cells can decrease expression of what 2 things to evade CD8+ T cells?

A
  1. Self antigen loss

2. Class 1 MHC deficient

24
Q

If a tumor cell is recognized by a CD8+ T cell, what ligand will the tumor cell express?

A

PD-1 ligand

25
Q

A tumor cell’s PD-1 ligand will bind?

A

PD-1 on the CD8+ T cell

26
Q

What does the interaction between the PD-1 ligand and receptor cause?

A

INHIBITS THE T CELL

27
Q

Treatment using Immune Checkpoint Inhibition uses what mechanism for the T cell to kill the tumor cell?

A

Antibodies against the PD-1 ligand and receptor so the T cell can kill the tumor cell

28
Q

Failure of DNA mismatch repair will cause what type of mutations in the DNA to accumulate?

A

Microsatellite (tandem repeats)

29
Q

What syndrome is germline loss of function of DNA mismatch repair?

A

Lynch syndrome

30
Q

Defects in Homologous Recombination Repair factors causes the cell to be unable to fix what?

A

Double stranded DNA breaks

31
Q

What are examples of genes that cause defects in Homologous Recombination Repair factors?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

32
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma has what translocation?

A

MYC-IgH

33
Q

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia has what translocation?

A

RARalpha - PMC

34
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma translocation causes?

A

Increased transcription!

MYC-IgH

35
Q

Normally, RARalpha binds?

A

RA

36
Q

Normally, RARalpha binds RA and causes?

A

Neutrophilic differentiation

37
Q

With Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, what translocation has occurred?

A

RARalpha - PMC

38
Q

RARalpha - PMC translocation will NOT bind?

A

RA

39
Q

If RARalpha - PMC translocation occurred and RA cannot bind, what will result?

A

BLOCKED neutrophil differentiation

= Accumulation of leukemic blasts

40
Q

Accumulation of leukemic blasts is seen with what disease?

A

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

41
Q

Decreased MicroRNA’s =

A

Increased oncogenic RNA

MOD (68 decks)

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