Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD > Neoplasia (7) > Flashcards

Neoplasia (7) Flashcards

1
Q

Clonal process initiated by a genetic mutation conferring growth advantage on involved cells

A

Neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 types of neoplasia?

A

Benign

Malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the main way to distinguish a benign neoplasia from a malignant neoplasia?

A 
Benign = LOCALIZED
Malignant = invasive and metastasizes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cancer is considered what type of neoplasia?

A

Malignant neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benign and Malignant neoplasias - edge type

A

Benign - Intact and encapsulated edge

Malignant - irregular, heterogenous and infiltrative edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Benign and Malignant neoplasias - growth

A

Benign - Exophytic growth (above surface)

Malignant - Endophytic growth (into surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Benign neoplasias usually end in what suffix?

A

“oma”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Through what mechanisms do benign neoplasias do harm?

A

Compression of structures
Hemorrhage
Hormone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Malignant neoplasias from mesenchyme suffix?

A

Sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant mesenchymal derived neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Malignant neoplasias from epithelium suffix?

A

Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial derived neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Malignant neoplasias from blood cells?

A

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Melanoma, Mesothelioma and Seminoma - benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

- Exceptions to the naming conventions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mesenchymal tissue examples

A

Bone, muscle, fat, tendons, blood vessels

- sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Epithelial tissue examples

A

Skin, mucous, glandular, lining epithelium

- carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cell are responsible for invasion and spread. What surrounds them?

A

Stroma - forms tumor friendly micro-environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Teratoma forms from?

A

Totipotent stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A Teratoma includes?

A

Elements derived from epithelial AND mesenchymal elements

= More than 1 germ cell layer present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hamartoma

A

Overgrowth of mature tissues but with disorganization and often 1 dominating element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an example of a hamartoma?

A

Large polyp in the bowel – normal elements just weirdly organized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hamartomas as what type of neoplasm?

A

Benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Choristoma

A

Mass of tissues from another part of the body in the wrong location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an example of a Choristoma?

A

Pancreatic tissue in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the morphologic changes that lead to cancer?

A
  1. Metaplasia
  2. Dysplasia
  3. Carcinoma in situ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Metaplasia

A

1 cell type is replaced with another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Metaplasia leads to?

A

Dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Dysplasia leads to?

A

Carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Full thickness; severe dysplasia

Has yet to penetrate basement membrane

31
Q

Degree of differentiation reflects?

A

How much the neoplasm resembles the original tissue cells

32
Q

Well differentiated =

A

Lots of resemblance to original cells

33
Q

Poorly differentiated =

A

Not much resemblance to original cells

34
Q

Anaplasia

A

NO differentiation (NO resemblance)

35
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variability in cell shape and size

36
Q

Immunostains, hormone secretion amount and serum tumor markers all reflect what degree of differentiation?

A

Well differentiated (still similar to normal tissues)

37
Q

With acute leukemias, cancer cells are halted at the ____ stage

A

Blast

38
Q

With chronic leukemias, cancer cells are halted at the ____ stage

A

Mature

39
Q

Benign and Malignant - degree of differentiation

A

Benign - well differentiated

Malignant - poor differentiation

40
Q

Benign and Malignant - rate of progression

A

Benign - SLOW; rare to see mitotic figures

Malignant - ERRATIC, can be fast or slow; mitotic figures are numerous

41
Q

The more mitotic figures means?

A

The faster the rate of growth

42
Q

Benign and Malignant - metastasis?

A

Benign - NO

Malignant - YES

43
Q

What are 3 types of metastasis?

A
  1. Lymphatic spread
  2. Hematogenous spread
  3. Direct seeding
44
Q

Lymphatic spread

A

Cancer cells gain entry into lymphatics

45
Q

What type of metastasis is the most common route for carcinomas?

A

Lymphatic spread

46
Q

When tracer dye is injected into the tumor, the first lymph node to take up the dye is considered?

A

Sentinel node

47
Q

Why is identifying the sentinel node important?

A

Can remove only that one and save other lymph nodes from having to be taken out

48
Q

What type of metastasis the most common route for sarcomas?

A

Hematogenous mets

49
Q

Primary targets of Hematogenous mets?

A

Lungs, liver, bone

50
Q

TNM staging

A

T - tumor size
N - degree of nodal mets
M - presence or absence of distal mets

51
Q

Most common cancer diagnosis for men and women?

A

Men - prostate

Women - breast

52
Q

Most common cancer deaths for men and women?

A

LUNGS

53
Q

Why are cancer deaths on the decline?

A

Decreased smoking and increased screening

54
Q

What are 7 cancers associated with smoking?

A 
Oral
Pharynx
Larynx
Esophagus
Lungs
Bladder 
Pancreas
55
Q

What are 4 occupational cancer agents?

A

Asbestos
Benzene
Radon
Vinyl Chloride

56
Q

Vinyl chloride is associated with cancer?

A

Hepatic angiosarcoma

57
Q

Childhood cancer is associated with what type of mutations?

A

Germline

58
Q

What are 3 acquired predisposing factors for cancer?

A

Chronic inflammation
Immunodeficiency
Precursor lesions

59
Q

Are benign neoplasms usually precursors for their malignant counterparts?

A

NO

60
Q

What is an exception to the rule that benign neoplasms are not precursors for their malignant counterparts?

A

Colon adenoma –> carcinoma

61
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Tumor secretes substances and evokes cytokines and antibodies

62
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome of squamous carcinoma?

A

Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

63
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome of small cell carcinoma?

A

Cushing syndrome

64
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome of pancreatic carcinoma?

A

Thrombi formation

65
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome of acute promyelocytic carcinoma?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

66
Q

Direct carcinogen

A

Carcinogenic from the start

67
Q

Indirect carcinogen

A

Metabolic process must occur before substance is carcinogenic

68
Q

What is responsible for converting indirect carcinogens into active carcinogens?

A

Cytochrome P450

69
Q

UVB rays create?

A

Pyrimidine dimers that distort DNA

70
Q

What normally corrects the pyrimidine dimers?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

71
Q

Xeroderma Pigmentosum has defects in?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

72
Q

What is seen with xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

Familial melanomas due to inability to correct mutations caused by UV rays

73
Q

Ionizing radiation can cause carcinogenesis even years after exposure. What types of cancers were seen later on after japan atomic bombs and chernobyl?

A

Japan atomic bombs - colon, breast, lung

Chernobyl - thyroid

MOD (68 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions