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MOD > Chapter 2 (Sections 3-5) - Cell Responses > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Sections 3-5) - Cell Responses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 principal cell targets of injurious stimuli?

A

Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
DNA

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2
Q

What are some causes of Mitochondrial damage that causes necrosis?

A

Hypoxia

Toxins

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3
Q

If the Mitochondria is targeted by hypoxia and toxins, what will result?

A

DECREASED ATP production
INCREASED ROS
= Necrosis

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4
Q

What are some causes of Mitochondrial damage that cause apoptosis?

A

Protein and DNA damage

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5
Q

If the Mitochondria is targeted by protein and DNA damage, what will result?

A

INCREASED PRO-apoptotic molecules (BAK, BAX)
– Leakage of Cytochrome C out of Mitochondria
= Apoptosis

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6
Q

What are some causes of cell membrane damage?

A

ROS

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7
Q

Which cell membranes are targets of ROS?

A

Lysosomal
Mitochondrial
Plasma

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8
Q

If the Cell membranes are targeted by ROS, What will result?

A

Necrosis

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9
Q

What are some causes of DNA damage?

A

Radiation

Mutations

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10
Q

If DNA is damaged, what will result?

A

Apoptosis

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11
Q

Increased production of ROS or decreased scavenging of ROS leads to their excess. What is this called?

A

Oxidative stress

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12
Q

Oxidative stress can cause what damage to the cell?

A

Membrane damage
DNA damage and mutations
Protein modifications

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13
Q

What ion in excess in the cytoplasm can cause cell injury?

A

Calcium

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14
Q

Increased cytosolic calcium causes what damage to the cell?

A

Membrane damage
DECREASED ATP
Nuclear damage

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15
Q

Unfolded Protein Response

A

Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER can cause Apoptosis

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16
Q

What inflammatory cells can release large amounts of ROS that can damage the cell?

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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17
Q

What are the 4 cellular adaptations to stress?

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Atrophy
  4. Metaplasia
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18
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased cell SIZE!!

- Causes an increase in organ size too

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19
Q

Increase in cell size due to stress?

A

Hypertrophy

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20
Q

What is the mechanism of Hypertrophy

A

Increases Intracellular proteins to increase cell size

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21
Q

Most common cause of Pathologic Hypertrophy and an example

A

Increased workload

ex. Pressure overload on the heart

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22
Q

Most common cause of Physiologic Hypertrophy and an example

A

Hormone induced enlargement from hypertrophy of smooth muscle
ex. Increased uterine size due to estrogen during pregnancy

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23
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increased cell NUMBER

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24
Q

Hyperplasia can only occur in cells that are capable of?

A

Cell division and thus replication

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25
Q

Pathologic Hyperplasia

A

Excessive or inappropriate actions of hormones or growth factors that increase cell number

26
Q

Physiologic Hyperplasia

A

Due to actions of hormones or growth factors when there is a needed compensation due to damage or resection

27
Q

Hyperplasia is a characteristic response to certain ___ infections

28
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreased cell SIZE and NUMBER

- Causes a decrease in organ size too

29
Q

Atrophy is due to?

A

Decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation

30
Q

Pathologic Atrophy

A

Decreased workload, loss of innervation or blood supply

31
Q

Physiologic Atrophy is common when?

A

During development

32
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible changes where 1 differentiated cell type is replaced with another differentiated cell type

33
Q

What cell types usually get replaced with metaplasia?

A

Epithelial or Mesenchymal

34
Q

Metaplasia changes cell type to a type that can?

A

Withstand the new environment and adapt best

35
Q

Metaplasia results from what 2 options?

A
  1. Reprogramming local stem cells

2. Colonization by differentiated cell types from another location

36
Q

Metaplasia is usually which transition?

A

Columnar to Squamous

37
Q

Which cellular adaptation to stress can initiate malignant transformation?

A

Metaplasia

38
Q

Intracellular accumulations usually occur where in the cell?

A

Cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Nucleus

39
Q

4 mechanisms that cause intracellular accumulations

A
  1. Inadequate removal
  2. Accumulation of endogenous product
  3. Failure to degrade a metabolite due to enzyme defect
  4. Exogenous substance deposition
40
Q

Examples of lipids that can accumulate intracellularly

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterols
Phospholipids

41
Q

Triglyceride accumulation causes what?

A

Steatosis (fatty changes)

42
Q

Cholesterol accumulation causes what?

A

Atherosclerosis and xanthomas

43
Q

How do proteins appear when they accumulate?

A

Eosinophilic droplets

44
Q

Examples of protein accumulation intracellularly

A

Amyloid

Plaques and neurofibrillary tangles with Alzheimers

45
Q

With what disease is Glycogen accumulation seen?

46
Q

Examples of exogenous pigment accumulation?

A

Tattooing

Carbon - black lungs

47
Q

Examples of endogenous pigment accumulation?

A

Lipfuscin granules - yellow brown in the heart
Melanin
Hemosiderin - iron

48
Q

Hyaline change

A

Alterations in cells that give them a smooth, glassy, pink appearance

49
Q

Lysosomal Storage Disease

A

Inability to degrade a metabolite due to an enzyme defect

50
Q

Pathologic Calcification

A

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts, magnesium and iron into tissue

51
Q

2 types of Pathologic Calcification

A
  1. Dystrophic Calcification

2. Metastatic Calcification

52
Q

Dystrophic Calcification occurs where?

A

Occurs in areas of necrosis

53
Q

Metastatic Calcification occurs why?

A

In normal tissues due to Hypercalcemia

54
Q

____ is one of the strongest independent risk factors for chronic disease

55
Q

Progressive decrease in cellular function caused by abnormalities and accumulation of damage over time

A

Cellular Aging

56
Q

What 3 things cause Cellular Aging?

A
  1. DNA Damage
  2. Decreased replication of cells
  3. Defective protein homeostasis
57
Q

With cellular aging there is decreased replication of cells. What is this called?

A

Cellular Senescence

58
Q

With cellular aging and decreased replication of cells, what part of the DNA is shortened and causes this?

59
Q

What may slow cellular aging and activate DNA repair?

A

Caloric restrictions

60
Q

Decreased IGF-1 and Increased Sirtuins may slow?

A

Cellular aging

MOD (68 decks)

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