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MOD > Acute Inflammation (3) > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation (3) Flashcards

1
Q

3 major components of acute inflammation

A
  1. Dilation of blood vessels
  2. Increased permeability in vasculature
  3. Emigration of leukocytes from vascular into injury site
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2
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid with HIGH concentration of proteins and cells

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3
Q

Exudate implies?

A

Increased vascular permeability seen with an inflammatory response!

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4
Q

Transudate

A

Fluid with LOW concentration of proteins and cells

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5
Q

Transudate implies?

A

NO increase in vascular permeability

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6
Q

Edema

A

Excess fluid in interstitial tissue; can be exudate or transudate

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7
Q

Pus

A

Purulent Exudate

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8
Q

What is pus rich in?

A

Neutrophils, cell debris, microbes

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9
Q

How does the lymphatic system help during acute inflammation?

A

Increases lymph flow to drain edema fluid that accumulates due to increased vascular permeability

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10
Q

As the lymphatic system helps during acute inflammation, the lymph vessels and nodes may also become inflamed. What can be seen?

A

Red streaks

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11
Q

3 phases of leukocyte recruitment in the acute inflammatory response

A
  1. Margination, rolling, adhesion
  2. Diapedesis
  3. Chemotaxis
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12
Q

Diapedesis

A

Migration through the endothelium

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13
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Leukocytes more toward offending agent

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14
Q

Macrophages release _____ during leukocyte recruitment

A

IL-1 and TNF

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15
Q

Job of IL-1 and TNF during leukocyte recruitment?

A

Increase expression of P and E selectins

(Adhesion molecules)

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16
Q

P and E selectins job during Leukocyte recruitment?

A

Rolling of the leukocyte - bind, detach, bind, detach = slows them down!

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17
Q

Macrophages release _____ that increase the affinity of the integrins on leukocytes during recruitment

A

Chemokines

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18
Q

What receptor do integrins bind?

A

ICAM-1

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19
Q

During leukocyte recruitment, P and E selectins increase adhesion molecules, chemokines increase affinity of leukocyte integrins. What does this cause?

A

Leukocyte ADHESION

20
Q

Once the leukocyte is adhered to the endothelium, what occurs next?

A

Diapedesis

21
Q

What molecule controls Diapedesis?

A

PECAM-1 (CD31)

22
Q

After Diapedesis, what occurs next?

A

Chemotaxis

23
Q

What are chemoattractants that stimulate chemotaxis?

A

IL-8, Complement C5a and AA metabolites

24
Q

Describe Chemotaxis

A

IL-8, C5a and AA metabolites bind GPCR on leukocyte surface

  • Causes Actin polymerization at leading end
  • Causes Myelin localization at back
  • Leading edge extends filopodia that pull the leukocyte forward towards microbes
25
Q

Main Leukocytes during the Acute inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes

26
Q

Lifespan of Neutrophils during Acute inflammatory response?

A

6-24 hours; soon replaced by Monocytes

27
Q

Monocytes survive longer and become dominant cell in acute inflammatory responses. What did they replace?

A

Neutrophils

28
Q

What are the Main Phagocytes during the Acute inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

29
Q

Mechanisms of action of Neutrophils while acting as phagocytes during phagocytosis?

A

ROS, Degranulation and NET formation

30
Q

Mechanisms of action of Macrophages while acting as phagocytes during phagocytosis?

A

NO, Cytokine release

31
Q

What are the 3 steps to Phagocytosis?

A
  1. Recognition and attachment of particle to be ingested by leukocyte = Leukocyte activation
  2. Engulfment with formation of Phagocytic Vacuole
  3. Killing of microbe and degradation of ingested material
32
Q

During Phagocytosis, what are the cell surface receptors that recognize microbes?

A

GPCR
TLR
Cytokine receptor
Phagocyte Receptor **

33
Q

Types of Phagocyte Receptors?

A

Macrophage Mannose Receptor
Scavenger Receptor
Opsonin Receptor

34
Q

What does the Macrophage Mannose Receptor bind?

A

Mannose and Fucose residues on glycoproteins expressed on microbes surface

35
Q

Describe the Engulfment process during phagocytosis

A
  • Binding of microbe to phagocyte receptor
  • Phagocyte membrane zips up around microbe
    – Creates a Phagosome
  • Phagosome fuses with Lysosome
    = Killing of Microbe
36
Q

What are the 3 things that do most of the killing and digestion of the microbe during phagocytosis?

A

ROS
NO
Lysosomal enzymes

37
Q

Where are ROS, NO and lysosomal enzymes contained during phagocytosis?

A

Lysosome

38
Q

What are ROS, NO and lysosomal enzymes tagged with in order to get from the ER to the lysosome?

A

M6P

39
Q

Th___ also contributes to acute inflammation

A

Th17

40
Q

Job of Th17 during acute inflammation?

A

Recruit more leukocytes

41
Q

Without Th17 during acute inflammation, what results?

A

COLD abscesses

42
Q

How is the acute inflammatory response terminated?

A

Inflammation decreases after removal of mediators and offending agents

43
Q

Inflammation itself can produce “stop signals” to terminate the acute inflammatory response. What are those?

A

IL-10 and TGF-beta

44
Q

Neutrophil nuclei are ____ when NETs are formed

A

Lost

45
Q

Formation of NETs is dependent on?

A

Platelet activation

MOD (68 decks)

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