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MOD > Environmental Diseases (9) > Flashcards

Environmental Diseases (9) Flashcards

1
Q

What estimates the burden imposed by environmental diseases?

A

Global Disease Burden

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2
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of childhood death around the world?

A

Pneumonia
Malaria
Diarrhea

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3
Q

The Global Disease Burden states that what few things are very common reasons of death?

A

HIV/AIDs
Undernutrition
Ischemic heart disease

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4
Q

How does climate change impact human health?

A

NEGATIVELY by increasing incidence of diseases

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5
Q

Distribution, effects and mechanisms of toxic agents

A

Toxicology

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6
Q

Poison is strictly dependent on?

A

Dosage

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7
Q

Xenobiotic

A

Exogenous chemicals that may be absorbed in the body

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8
Q

How do most drugs and solvents enter the cell?

A

Lipophilic; Through the basement membrane

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9
Q

What is in charge of detoxifying xenobiotics?

A

Cytochrome P450

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10
Q

Occasionally, xenobiotics are converted to harmful compounds. What converts them?

A

Cytochrome P450

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11
Q

4 outdoor air pollutants

A

Ozone
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate matter
Carbon Monoxide

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12
Q

Ozone is mediated by?

A

Free radicals

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13
Q

Ozone causes decreased ____ function

A

Lung

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14
Q

Ozone is more dangerous for those with what 2 lung conditions?

A

Emphysema

Asthma

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15
Q

Where is sulfur dioxide produced?

A

Power plants burning fossil fuels

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16
Q

What symptoms does sulfur dioxide cause?

A

Burning sensation of airways and difficulty breathing

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17
Q

What is particulate matter (soot)?

A

Fine particles that get inhaled into the alveoli

less than 10 micrometers

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18
Q

If particulate matter is inhaled into the alveoli, what will this cause?

A

Pulmonary inflammation and cardiovascular effects

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19
Q

Colorless, tasteless, odorless due to incomplete oxidation of hydrocarons

A

Carbon monoxide

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20
Q

How does carbon monoxide kill?

A

CNS depression and ischemia

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21
Q

What areas of the brain does carbon monoxide induce CNS depression on?

A

Basal ganglia

Lenticular nuclei

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22
Q

If a patient recovers after carbon monoxide poisoning, what will they likely have?

A

Memory, speech, vision issues

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23
Q

Hb has a higher affinity for O2 or CO?

A

CO

24
Q

What physical exam finding will you find if a patient died from carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Cherry RED skin and mucous membranes

25
Q

Most common indoor air pollutant?

A

Tobacco smoke

26
Q

List 5 indoor air pollutants

A 
Wood smoke
Bioaerosols
Radon
Formaldehyde
Sick building syndrome
27
Q

Radon increases what type of cancer risk?

A

Lung

28
Q

Sick building syndrome occurs due to?

A

Poor ventilation

29
Q

Lead interferes with ____ metabolism

A

Calcium

30
Q

Symptoms of lead poisoning in kids

A

Intellectual and behavior deficits, brain damage, hyperactivity

31
Q

Symptoms of lead poisoning in adults

A

Peripheral neuropathies

ex. wrist and foot drop

32
Q

Where can “lead lines” be found?

A

Gums and metaphyses

33
Q

Hypochromic microcytic anemia, Basophilic stippling, and ring sideroblasts are seen with?

A

Lead poisoning

34
Q

Hypochromic microcytic anemia has levels of MCV and MCH of?

A

MCV < 80

MCH < 27

35
Q

Mercury causes damage to?

A

CNS and kidney

36
Q

Main source of mercury?

A

Infected fish

37
Q

Minamata disease

A

Mercury poisoning of a child in utero

38
Q

Symptoms of Minamata disease

A

Cerebral palsy, deafness and blindness in children

- mercury exposure in utero

39
Q

Arsenic interferes with ____ metabolism

A

Cellular

40
Q

Arsenic poisoning causes what physical exam findings?

A

Hyperpigmentation and Hyperkeratosis of palms and soles with cancers
PALMS and SOLES

41
Q

Palm and sole hyperpigmentation may suggest poisoning with?

A

Arsenic

42
Q

Cadmium poisoning main physical exam finding?

A

Skeletal abnormalities - osteoporosis and renal disease

43
Q

Cadmium causes loss of?

A

Calcium

- Causes skeletal abnormalities

44
Q

Vinyl chloride causes?

A

Hepatic angiosarcoma

45
Q

Benzene causes?

A

Leukemia

46
Q

Silica, Asbestos and Radon cause?

A

Lung cancer

47
Q

Organic solvents like chloroform cause?

A

CNS depression and coma

48
Q

Asbestos causes the lung to be?

A

Black

49
Q

Leading cause of human cancers?

A

TOBACCO

50
Q

Tobacco decreases overall survival through?

A

Dose - dependent effects

51
Q

Not a cause of lung cancers with tobacco but is addictive

A

Nicotine

52
Q

Describe how smoke inhalation affects the lung lining/mucosa

A
  • Smoke irritates mucosa
  • Causes inflammation and mucus production
  • Causes infiltration of WBCs to the lung and elastase injury
53
Q

What chemicals in smoke can be carcinogens?

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

Nitrosamines

54
Q

The multiplicative interaction between ____ and ____ cause laryngeal and oral cancers

A

Tobacco and Alcohol

55
Q

The multiplicative interaction between tobacco and alcohol cause what cancers?

A

Laryngeal and oral

MOD (68 decks)

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