Environmental Diseases (9) Flashcards
What estimates the burden imposed by environmental diseases?
Global Disease Burden
What are the 3 most common causes of childhood death around the world?
Pneumonia
Malaria
Diarrhea
The Global Disease Burden states that what few things are very common reasons of death?
HIV/AIDs
Undernutrition
Ischemic heart disease
How does climate change impact human health?
NEGATIVELY by increasing incidence of diseases
Distribution, effects and mechanisms of toxic agents
Toxicology
Poison is strictly dependent on?
Dosage
Xenobiotic
Exogenous chemicals that may be absorbed in the body
How do most drugs and solvents enter the cell?
Lipophilic; Through the basement membrane
What is in charge of detoxifying xenobiotics?
Cytochrome P450
Occasionally, xenobiotics are converted to harmful compounds. What converts them?
Cytochrome P450
4 outdoor air pollutants
Ozone
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate matter
Carbon Monoxide
Ozone is mediated by?
Free radicals
Ozone causes decreased ____ function
Lung
Ozone is more dangerous for those with what 2 lung conditions?
Emphysema
Asthma
Where is sulfur dioxide produced?
Power plants burning fossil fuels
What symptoms does sulfur dioxide cause?
Burning sensation of airways and difficulty breathing
What is particulate matter (soot)?
Fine particles that get inhaled into the alveoli
less than 10 micrometers
If particulate matter is inhaled into the alveoli, what will this cause?
Pulmonary inflammation and cardiovascular effects
Colorless, tasteless, odorless due to incomplete oxidation of hydrocarons
Carbon monoxide
How does carbon monoxide kill?
CNS depression and ischemia
What areas of the brain does carbon monoxide induce CNS depression on?
Basal ganglia
Lenticular nuclei
If a patient recovers after carbon monoxide poisoning, what will they likely have?
Memory, speech, vision issues
Hb has a higher affinity for O2 or CO?
CO
What physical exam finding will you find if a patient died from carbon monoxide poisoning?
Cherry RED skin and mucous membranes
Most common indoor air pollutant?
Tobacco smoke
List 5 indoor air pollutants
Wood smoke Bioaerosols Radon Formaldehyde Sick building syndrome
Radon increases what type of cancer risk?
Lung
Sick building syndrome occurs due to?
Poor ventilation
Lead interferes with ____ metabolism
Calcium
Symptoms of lead poisoning in kids
Intellectual and behavior deficits, brain damage, hyperactivity
Symptoms of lead poisoning in adults
Peripheral neuropathies
ex. wrist and foot drop
Where can “lead lines” be found?
Gums and metaphyses
Hypochromic microcytic anemia, Basophilic stippling, and ring sideroblasts are seen with?
Lead poisoning
Hypochromic microcytic anemia has levels of MCV and MCH of?
MCV < 80
MCH < 27
Mercury causes damage to?
CNS and kidney
Main source of mercury?
Infected fish
Minamata disease
Mercury poisoning of a child in utero
Symptoms of Minamata disease
Cerebral palsy, deafness and blindness in children
- mercury exposure in utero
Arsenic interferes with ____ metabolism
Cellular
Arsenic poisoning causes what physical exam findings?
Hyperpigmentation and Hyperkeratosis of palms and soles with cancers
PALMS and SOLES
Palm and sole hyperpigmentation may suggest poisoning with?
Arsenic
Cadmium poisoning main physical exam finding?
Skeletal abnormalities - osteoporosis and renal disease
Cadmium causes loss of?
Calcium
- Causes skeletal abnormalities
Vinyl chloride causes?
Hepatic angiosarcoma
Benzene causes?
Leukemia
Silica, Asbestos and Radon cause?
Lung cancer
Organic solvents like chloroform cause?
CNS depression and coma
Asbestos causes the lung to be?
Black
Leading cause of human cancers?
TOBACCO
Tobacco decreases overall survival through?
Dose - dependent effects
Not a cause of lung cancers with tobacco but is addictive
Nicotine
Describe how smoke inhalation affects the lung lining/mucosa
- Smoke irritates mucosa
- Causes inflammation and mucus production
- Causes infiltration of WBCs to the lung and elastase injury
What chemicals in smoke can be carcinogens?
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Nitrosamines
The multiplicative interaction between ____ and ____ cause laryngeal and oral cancers
Tobacco and Alcohol
The multiplicative interaction between tobacco and alcohol cause what cancers?
Laryngeal and oral
