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MOD > Hemodynamic Disorders (4) - Section 1 > Flashcards

Hemodynamic Disorders (4) - Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal fluid accumulation in the INTERSTITIAL SPACE

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2
Q

Effusion

A

Abnormal fluid accumulation in body cavities

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3
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid high in proteins and cells

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4
Q

Exudate usually implies?

A

Inflammation due to the increased vascular permeability

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5
Q

Transudate

A

Fluid low in proteins and cells

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6
Q

What 2 pressure changes can cause Edema (fluid flow out of the blood vessel)?

A
  1. INCREASE in Hydrostatic pressure of the vessel

2. DECREASE in Osmotic pressure of the blood vessel

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7
Q

Hyperemia

A

Too much blood arriving at the arterial side of capillary bed

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8
Q

Congestion

A

Too little blood leaving the venous side of capillary bed

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9
Q

Hyperemia and Congestion both result in?

A

INCREASED blood volumes in the tissues

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10
Q

Hyperemia and Congestion - which one is an active controlled process?

A

Hyperemia due to the pre-capillary sphincter that can open or close to allow more or less blood in respectively

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11
Q

Congestion causes an increase in what pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure - pushes fluid out (edema)

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12
Q

List 4 mechanisms that can cause edema

A
  1. Increase in hydrostatic pressure
  2. Decrease in oncotic pressure
  3. Increased vascular permeability
  4. Lymphatic obstruction
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13
Q

What 2 things can increase hydrostatic pressure and thus cause edema?

A

Congestion

Na+ and Water retention - increases blood volume

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14
Q

Lymphedema

A

Impaired clearance of interstitial fluid = LOCALIZED edema

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15
Q

In what 2 ways does Heart failure cause edema?

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure

2. Decreased renal blood flow

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16
Q

With heart failure, there is decreased renal blood flow as well. Describe the cascade of how this causes edema

A 
Decreased renal blood flow
- Activates RAAS
- Na+ and Water retention
= Increased blood volume 
== Increased hydrostatic pressure
17
Q

In what way does Renal failure cause edema?

A

Na+ and Water retention = Increased blood volume

= Increased hydrostatic pressure

18
Q

Decreased plasma _____ can lead to decreased oncotic pressure

A

Albumin

19
Q

Liver failure, malnutrition and nephrotic syndrome all have decreased ____ that causes?

A

Protein synthesis which causes decreased oncotic pressure and thus edema!

20
Q

Kwashoiorkor

A

Decreased protein in diet
- Causes decreased oncotic pressure
= Edema

21
Q

What plasma protein is an important regulator of oncotic pressure?

A

Albumin

- If albumin is low, oncotic pressure in the vessel will be low as well

22
Q

With heart failure, where does edema occur?

A

Pulmonary edema (lungs) due to congestion of blood flow

23
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Excess protein in the urine

24
Q

With Nephrotic syndrome there is excess protein in the urine. This causes?

A

Decreased oncotic pressure and thus edema

25
Q

Liver failure causes ascites. Through what mechanisms?

A
  • Decreased Albumin production - decreased oncotic pressure

- Portal Hypertension (congestion)

26
Q

With Chronic congestion in venous flow, what will eventually leak out of the vessel?

A

RBCs

27
Q

With Chronic congestion, RBCs eventually leak out of the vessel. What will this cause to be deposited?

A

Hemosiderin (iron)

28
Q

With Chronic congestion, Hemosiderin causes?

A

Tissue damage

29
Q

With pulmonary edema due to chronic congestion, _____ is deposited in ______

A

Hemosiderin is deposited in alveolar spaces

30
Q

What color does hemosiderin stain?

A

Blue

31
Q

With hepatic congestion due to chronic congestion what is obstructed in the liver?

A

Central vein

32
Q

If the central vein is obstructed in the liver, DEoxygenated blood is backed up to where?

A

Center of the lobule

33
Q

With hepatic congestion, deoxygenated blood backed up at the center of the lobule causes?

A

Centrilobar necrosis

34
Q

Centrilobar necrosis is describe as?

A

Nutmeg liver

35
Q

Changes in what pressures cause edema?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure
ex. Congestion, increased blood volume
Decreased oncotic pressure
ex. Malnutrition, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome, decreased proteins/albumin

36
Q

What findings will be present in the lungs with heart failure?

A

Pulmonary Edema AND Pulmonary Effusion

37
Q

2 common causes of lymphedema?

A

Lymph node resection

Helminth infection - Filariasis

MOD (68 decks)

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