Process SAFETY Training Flashcards
What is process safety?
- systematic framework for managing the integrity of hazardous processes
- uses a blend of engineering, management and leadership skills to prevent major accidents (explosions, fires and toxic releases)
- focusses on three key aspects: plant, process and people
Model for process safety?
Leadership in die middel, met 6 key considerations:
- engineering and design
- system and procedures
- assurance
- knowledge and competence
- human factors
- culture
Basiese beginasel van n bowtie
Unwanted event in die middel. Links - aanleiding
Regs - gevolge
Dan kan jy kyk wat om in plek te sit om met alles te “deal”. Ie preventative measures, sowel as mitigation
5 tipiese redes vir LoC
- sudden failure (overpressure)
- weakened containment (maintenance errors)
- external energy
- gradual failure (corrosion)
- accidental release
5 key factors that influence the severity of a LoC event
- time
- inventory
- material
- energy
- exposure
Wat is n passive barrier
Dont require action - they exist. Ie bund walls, blast resistant walls etc.
Active barriers
Rely on detection of a hazardous conditions and react.
Derde tipe barrier?
Administrative
Order of barrier reliability
Administrative - active - passive
James reason
- Bekend vir swiss cheese model
- daar is ook die full reason model
Investigation kyk na unsafe acts, dan workplace factors, dan organisational factors
Opposite sides of the same coin - process safety and?
Asset integrity management
Drie aspekte van asset integrity
- Design integrity
- operations integrity
- technical integrity
Wat is n hazard
Something with the potential yo cause harm
Risk
Likelihood that tye potential harm from the hazard will be realized
Extent of risk
Depends on likelihood and consequence level
Hoe lyk risk in terme van toxins?
= likelihood × dose
Dose = toxic concentration x exposure duration
Wat is MAH, en kan eskaleer tot?
Major accident hazard, can lead to MAE (Major accident event) of n MATTE (Major accident to the environment)
Probability is?
Dimensioneless, whereas frequency is not. It is the probability of something happening per unit of time
Waarvoor staan Hazop?
Hazard and operability study
Twee tipes hazard identification
Pure identification en Supplementary techniques
SWIFT
Structured what if technique
Hazid
Hazard identification
Applies to process flowndigrams with key prompts such as external fire, internal explosion etc.
Envid
Environmental impact identification
Hazop key words as applied to a specific stage, or process flow
- no
- more
- less
- as well as
- part of
- reverse
- other than
- faster
- slower
A Hazop can identify hazards, as well as?
Operational problems and required safeguards
Disadvantages van n Hazop
Doesn’t adress spatial issues
Resource intensive
If you want the most impact, time sensitive (after detail design, but before construction)
Waar gebruik ons die and en or gates, hoe lyk die wiskunde?
Met n fault tree analysis. So die hoof negatiewe ding word neergeskryf, en dan die goed wat daartoe sou aanleiding gee
And gates maal ons die waarskynlikhede, or gates is dit basies (1-(1-p1)(1-p2))
FMEA, die alternatief en waarmee kan dit vergelyk word?
Failure Mode and Effects analysis
FMECA
Dit is soortgelyk aan n HAZOP vir n proses, maar nou net op seker toerusting
Malop and Chazop
Mal operations study
Computer systems HAZOP
LOPA
Layers of protection analysis
