Overview of Public Health- PPHC

Question 1

What is the definition of Primary Health Care (PHC)?

Answer 1

PHC is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods, made universally accessible to individuals and families through their full participation at a cost they can afford.

Question 2

What are the key components of PHC?

Answer 2

Immunisation, maternal and child health, nutrition, minor ailment treatment, mental health, dental health, safe water, basic sanitation, health education, and endemic disease control.

Question 3

List the implications of PHC.

Answer 3

Individuals and communities take responsibility for their health, and health professionals support and enable this.

Question 4

What is the role of individuals, families, and communities in PHC?

Answer 4

To take responsibility for their health through participation and self-reliance.

Question 5

What is the role of health professionals in PHC?

Answer 5

From being providers to enablers of health.

Question 6

Name the factors affecting health as outlined in PHC.

Answer 6

Cultural, environmental, socio-economic, geographical, and personal factors.

Question 7

List the elements of PHC.

Answer 7

Immunisation, maternal & child health, nutrition, sanitation, mental health, etc.

Question 8

What does a cohesive definition of PHC entail?

Answer 8

Addressing health needs through life course, prioritising services, addressing health determinants, and empowering communities.

Question 9

What are the areas of activity in PHC?

Answer 9

Community participation, intersectoral collaboration, and support from formal health systems.

Question 10

Why is community participation essential in PHC?

Answer 10

It enhances sustainability and ensures that activities meet community needs.

Question 11

What are the achievements of health goals through PHC?

Answer 11

By ensuring universal access to education, water, housing, employment, etc.

Question 12

Why is PHC important?

Answer 12

PHC responds to economic, technological, and demographic changes affecting health.

Question 13

Describe the framework for health services in PHC.

Answer 13

It ensures equity, availability, acceptability, and universal access.

Question 14

What are the minimum standards for universal access in PHC?

Answer 14

Availability of services, trained personnel, and defined catchment areas.

Question 15

Identify the barriers to PHC service delivery.

Answer 15

Organisational structures, resource allocation, and community participation challenges.

Question 16

What are the challenges in planning at the federal level?

Answer 16

Scattered elements across ministries and lack of intersectoral collaboration.

Question 17

Name the invisible challenges in PHC implementation.

Answer 17

Record-keeping systems, authority distribution, shared vision, and organisational loyalty.

Question 18

What strategies enhance community participation in PHC?

Answer 18

Use local organisations, self-help activities, and cultural compatibility strategies.

Question 19

Differentiate between the top-down and bottom-up approaches in PHC.

Answer 19

Top-down is directive, while bottom-up encourages community-led initiatives.

Question 20

What is the importance of intersectoral collaboration in PHC?

Answer 20

It ensures integrated actions across sectors for health improvement.

Question 21

How does PHC address socio-economic conditions?

Answer 21

By addressing housing, funding, water, and employment through public policies.

Question 22

What are the challenges in community-level implementation of PHC?

Answer 22

Complex family loyalties, power groups, and non-homogenous communities.

Question 23

Define ‘felt needs’ versus ‘observed needs’ in PHC.

Answer 23

Felt needs reflect community perspectives, while observed needs are assessed by health workers.

Question 24

What is the role of education in achieving PHC goals?

Answer 24

Female and general education improves awareness and access to health services.

Question 25

Describe the planning and allocation of resources in PHC.

Answer 25

Balancing curative vs preventive and urban vs rural priorities.

Question 26

How does PHC empower individuals and families?

Answer 26

By involving them in decision-making and promoting self-reliance.

Question 27

What are the features of successful PHC implementation?

Answer 27

Long-term resource commitments, community involvement, and equitable access.

Question 28

What strategies ensure compatibility with local cultural patterns in PHC?

Answer 28

Using local forums, radio, and health activities compatible with cultural norms.

Question 29

How does PHC promote sustainability and self-reliance?

Answer 29

Through education, capacity-building, and sustainable health initiatives.

Question 30

What role do local social organisations play in PHC?

Answer 30

Mobilising community participation and ensuring programme sustainability.

Question 31

How are community health patterns integrated into PHC activities?

Answer 31

Aligning activities with existing community health behaviours.

Question 32

What is the significance of equity in PHC access?

Answer 32

To ensure all demographic groups access necessary services.

Question 33

Explain the role of female education in PHC.

Answer 33

Improves maternal and child health outcomes and gender equity.

Question 34

What are the political commitments required for effective PHC?

Answer 34

For resource allocation and structural changes in health delivery systems.

Question 35

How does PHC address rapid demographic and technological changes?

Answer 35

By adapting services and policies to evolving population needs.