Health Planning STEP I-X - HMPD Flashcards
What is the definition of a plan?
A statement of the course of action intended to solve an observed problem.
What is health planning?
A systematic process of identifying and specifying desirable future goals, outlining courses of action, and determining resources.
Define community diagnosis.
The process of finding out the health needs of a community (felt + observed).
What is situation analysis?
The process of determining the capacity of health and other sectors to respond to identified problems.
What is baseline data?
Information collected and analysed at the beginning of the planning process.
What are the categories of information required for community diagnosis?
Demographic, epidemiological, socio-economic, environmental, health services information.
What are the components of demographic information?
Population totals, fertility rate, population structure, distribution, and vital statistics.
Define epidemiology.
The study of the distribution, determinants, and deterrents of health and health-related events.
What are some examples of health status indicators?
Infant mortality rate (IMR), morbidity rates, mortality rates, disability rates.
What are the factors affecting health?
Socioeconomic, geographical, environmental, cultural, attitudinal, and behavioural factors.
What is included in health services data?
Health manpower distribution, infrastructure, materials, equipment, financial resources, service utilisation.
What are the methods of obtaining community health information?
Observation, discussions, review of clinic records, surveys, document study.
What are the sources of health information?
Formal (health institutions, government records) and informal (community leaders, teachers).
What is the use of baseline data?
To describe the present health situation and forecast future trends.
What are the products of Step I in health planning?
A statement of health problems and trends, social and economic conditions, and demographic projections.
Why is prioritisation important in health planning?
Not all identified problems can be solved; prioritisation ensures resources are allocated efficiently.
What criteria are used to prioritise health problems?
Who sees the problem, who is affected, magnitude, severity, cost, feasibility.
What is an intervention in public health?
Any action directed towards solving a specific health or health-related problem.
What are the types of interventions?
Preventive and curative interventions.
What is a preventive intervention?
Actions to prevent the occurrence of a health problem (e.g. vaccination).
What is a curative intervention?
Actions aimed at curing or eradicating a health problem.
Define present intervention.
What is currently being done to address a health problem.
Define potential intervention.
What can be done in the future to solve a health problem.
What factors are considered in selecting the most appropriate intervention?
Technical, financial, resource feasibility, social acceptability.
What is an obstacle in health planning?
A factor that stops or hinders the progress of a planned intervention.
What is a constraint in health planning?
A factor that limits or restricts the implementation of an intervention.
What are examples of technical obstacles?
Lack of trained manpower, poor infrastructure.
What are financial obstacles in health planning?
Inadequate financial resources.
What are cultural constraints?
Aversion to certain medical practices, food taboos.
What is the difference between an obstacle and a constraint?
An obstacle is a stronger deterrent than a constraint.
What is the main product of Step IV in health planning?
A list of obstacles and constraints for each intervention.
What is a strategy in health planning?
A systematic plan of action designed to achieve a goal.
What are the criteria for successful health strategy formulation?
Emphasises prevention, accessibility, appropriate technology, quality care, and community participation.
What is the main product of Step V in health planning?
A statement of selected strategies for intervention.
What is an objective in health planning?
A statement of what is to be achieved at the end of a programme.
What is an indicator in health planning?
A variable that helps measure change or progress.
What are the types of objectives in health planning?
Short-term and long-term objectives.
What does the acronym SMART stand for in setting objectives?
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-bound.
Why are action verbs important in setting objectives?
They make objectives clearer and measurable.
What are the products of Step VI in health planning?
A statement of operational outputs/outcomes for each strategy.
What is the purpose of programme micro-planning?
Translating feasible strategies into coordinated health development programmes.
What are the key components of an action plan?
What is to be done, how, where, when, by whom, and with what resources.
What is the product of Step VII in health planning?
A health development programme with a detailed action plan.
What is a support system in health programme planning?
Processes facilitating programme execution, such as logistics, administration, and finance.
What are the components of a health programme support system?
Logistics, finance, trained staff, equipment, materials, administration.
What is the main product of Step VIII in health planning?
A management information system for administration, finance, and logistics.
Define monitoring in health programme planning.
The routine tracking of programme activities to ensure they proceed as planned.
What is process monitoring?
Tracking programme implementation inputs and outputs.
What is the purpose of monitoring?
To identify implementation problems and facilitate necessary adjustments.
What should be monitored in a health programme?
Resources, activities, team performance, obstacles.
Define evaluation in health programme planning.
The assessment of a programme’s success against predetermined objectives.
What is process evaluation?
Measurement of how well activities were performed.
What is outcome evaluation?
Measurement of immediate programme results.
What is impact evaluation?
Measurement of long-term programme effects.
What are the reasons for conducting monitoring and evaluation?
To assess programme efficiency, effectiveness, and impact.
What are the types of indicators used in health evaluation?
Process, outcome, and impact indicators.
What are the qualities of a good indicator?
Validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity.
What is the product of Step IX in health planning?
A list of selected indicators and evaluation methods.
What is a budget in health programme planning?
An estimate of how money will be spent on a programme.
Why is budgeting important in health programme planning?
Ensures adequate resource allocation and efficiency.
What are the types of budgeting approaches?
Resource-based, activity-based, or a combination.
What are the different types of expenditure in budgeting?
Capital, recurrent, and contingency expenditure.
What are the steps involved in budget preparation?
Listing resources, identifying available resources, estimating costs, tabulating expenses.
What is the difference between capital and recurrent expenditure?
Capital expenditure is for long-term assets; recurrent expenditure is for ongoing costs.
What is the product of Step X in health planning?
A comprehensive project budget with funding sources.
