Cancers of Reproductive Tract- MCH

Question 1

What are the primary organs of the male reproductive system?

Answer 1

Testes, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra.

Question 2

What are the primary organs of the female reproductive system?

Answer 2

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.

Question 3

How do benign tumours differ from malignant tumours?

Answer 3

Benign tumours do not invade or metastasize, while malignant tumours grow uncontrollably and spread.

Question 4

What are the characteristics of malignant tumours?

Answer 4

Excessive growth, invasion of adjacent tissues, and potential metastasis.

Question 5

What is the predicted increase in annual cancer cases between 2012 and the next two decades?

Answer 5

From 14 million in 2012 to 22 million in the next two decades.

Question 6

When is World Cancer Day observed?

Answer 6

February 4th.

Question 7

What are the three categories of external agents that contribute to cancer development?

Answer 7

Physical carcinogens, chemical carcinogens, biological carcinogens.

Question 8

What are examples of physical carcinogens?

Answer 8

Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.

Question 9

What are examples of chemical carcinogens?

Answer 9

Asbestos, tobacco smoke, aflatoxin, arsenic.

Question 10

What are examples of biological carcinogens?

Answer 10

Certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

Question 11

How does ageing contribute to cancer development?

Answer 11

Increased risk of genetic mutations over time.

Question 12

What percentage of cancer deaths are linked to behavioural and dietary risks?

Answer 12

About 30%.

Question 13

Name some infections that increase cancer risk, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Answer 13

HBV, HCV, HPV, HIV, Epstein-Barr Virus.

Question 14

What are the major male reproductive cancers?

Answer 14

Testicular cancer, penile cancer, prostate cancer.

Question 15

What is the most common cancer in men in Nigeria?

Answer 15

Prostate cancer.

Question 16

What is the estimated prevalence of prostate cancer in Lagos State from a community-based screening?

Answer 16

1.046% or 1046 per 100,000 men aged 40 and above.

Question 17

What was the hospital prevalence rate of prostate cancer in southwestern Nigeria in 2010?

Answer 17

182.5 per 100,000 male admissions.

Question 18

Which racial group has the highest incidence of prostate cancer?

Answer 18

African-American men in the USA.

Question 19

What dietary factors increase the risk of prostate cancer?

Answer 19

High intake of fat, meat, dairy, and calcium; processed meat with high-temperature cooking.

Question 20

How do androgens influence prostate cancer development?

Answer 20

Androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone stimulate prostate cell growth.

Question 21

Name an occupational exposure associated with prostate cancer risk.

Answer 21

Exposure to pesticides, electromagnetic fields, and STIs like gonorrhoea and syphilis.

Question 22

What are some protective dietary factors against prostate cancer?

Answer 22

Tomato-based products (lycopene), soybeans, fish (omega-3 fatty acids), cruciferous vegetables, selenium, and vitamin E.

Question 23

What is the role of lycopene in prostate cancer prevention?

Answer 23

Lycopene has antioxidant properties that help reduce prostate cancer risk.

Question 24

What are common symptoms of prostate cancer?

Answer 24

Urinary symptoms (frequency, nocturia, difficulty urinating), hematuria, dysuria, erectile dysfunction, painful ejaculation.

Question 25

What are signs of metastatic prostate cancer?

Answer 25

Bone pain (vertebrae, pelvis, ribs), urinary and faecal incontinence.

Question 26

Name two diagnostic methods for detecting prostate cancer.

Answer 26

Biopsy and histology, PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test.

Question 27

What does the TNM staging system assess in prostate cancer?

Answer 27

Tumour size (T), lymph node involvement (N), metastasis (M).

Question 28

What is the Gleason Score used for?

Answer 28

To grade prostate cancer aggressiveness (scores 2-10).

Question 29

What are the treatment options for prostate cancer?

Answer 29

Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, palliative care.

Question 30

What is the primary method of prostate cancer screening?

Answer 30

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test.

Question 31

What is the goal of palliative care in cancer management?

Answer 31

To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life in advanced cancer patients.

Question 32

When is Prostate Cancer Awareness Month?

Answer 32

September.

Question 33

What are the most common female reproductive tract cancers?

Answer 33

Cancers of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovary.

Question 34

What is the most common histological type of cervical cancer?

Answer 34

Squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 35

How many new cases of cervical cancer were reported globally in 2012?

Answer 35

530,000 new cases.

Question 36

What percentage of cervical cancer cases occur in developing countries?

Answer 36

0.86

Question 37

What is the primary cause of cervical cancer?

Answer 37

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types.

Question 38

How long can cervical cancer take to develop after an HPV infection?

Answer 38

Up to 20 years.

Question 39

What are risk factors for cervical cancer?

Answer 39

Early sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, smoking, high parity, HIV infection, oral contraceptive use.

Question 40

What are the common symptoms of cervical cancer?

Answer 40

Postmenopausal bleeding, vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, post-coital bleeding, backache, irregular vaginal bleeding.

Question 41

What screening methods are used to detect cervical cancer?

Answer 41

Pap test, liquid-based cytology, VIA/VILI, HPV testing.

Question 42

What is the gold standard for cervical cancer screening?

Answer 42

Pap test.

Question 43

What are the treatment options for cervical cancer?

Answer 43

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, palliative care.

Question 44

How does Lopinavir help in cervical cancer treatment?

Answer 44

Lopinavir, an antiviral drug, has been shown to kill HPV when applied directly to the cervix.

Question 45

What is the five-year survival rate for Stage 1A cervical cancer?

Answer 45

95-99%.

Question 46

What is the five-year survival rate for Stage 4 cervical cancer?

Answer 46

0.2

Question 47

What is the recommended screening frequency for women aged 30-49 years?

Answer 47

At least once in a lifetime, ideally every 2 years.

Question 48

What is Cervical Health Awareness Month?

Answer 48

January.

Question 49

What global initiative aims to reduce premature mortality from cancer by 25%?

Answer 49

WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (2013-2030).

Question 50

What measures has the Nigerian government taken to improve cancer control?

Answer 50

Establishment of the National Agency for Cancer Control, strengthening PHC systems, HPV vaccination inclusion, increased access to cancer medication, expansion of radiation therapy services, and development of a palliative care policy.