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Community Health > Cancers of Reproductive Tract- MCH > Flashcards

Cancers of Reproductive Tract- MCH Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary organs of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra.

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2
Q

What are the primary organs of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.

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3
Q

How do benign tumours differ from malignant tumours?

A

Benign tumours do not invade or metastasize, while malignant tumours grow uncontrollably and spread.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of malignant tumours?

A

Excessive growth, invasion of adjacent tissues, and potential metastasis.

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5
Q

What is the predicted increase in annual cancer cases between 2012 and the next two decades?

A

From 14 million in 2012 to 22 million in the next two decades.

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6
Q

When is World Cancer Day observed?

A

February 4th.

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7
Q

What are the three categories of external agents that contribute to cancer development?

A

Physical carcinogens, chemical carcinogens, biological carcinogens.

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8
Q

What are examples of physical carcinogens?

A

Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.

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9
Q

What are examples of chemical carcinogens?

A

Asbestos, tobacco smoke, aflatoxin, arsenic.

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10
Q

What are examples of biological carcinogens?

A

Certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

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11
Q

How does ageing contribute to cancer development?

A

Increased risk of genetic mutations over time.

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12
Q

What percentage of cancer deaths are linked to behavioural and dietary risks?

A

About 30%.

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13
Q

Name some infections that increase cancer risk, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

A

HBV, HCV, HPV, HIV, Epstein-Barr Virus.

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14
Q

What are the major male reproductive cancers?

A

Testicular cancer, penile cancer, prostate cancer.

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15
Q

What is the most common cancer in men in Nigeria?

A

Prostate cancer.

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16
Q

What is the estimated prevalence of prostate cancer in Lagos State from a community-based screening?

A

1.046% or 1046 per 100,000 men aged 40 and above.

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17
Q

What was the hospital prevalence rate of prostate cancer in southwestern Nigeria in 2010?

A

182.5 per 100,000 male admissions.

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18
Q

Which racial group has the highest incidence of prostate cancer?

A

African-American men in the USA.

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19
Q

What dietary factors increase the risk of prostate cancer?

A

High intake of fat, meat, dairy, and calcium; processed meat with high-temperature cooking.

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20
Q

How do androgens influence prostate cancer development?

A

Androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone stimulate prostate cell growth.

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21
Q

Name an occupational exposure associated with prostate cancer risk.

A

Exposure to pesticides, electromagnetic fields, and STIs like gonorrhoea and syphilis.

22
Q

What are some protective dietary factors against prostate cancer?

A

Tomato-based products (lycopene), soybeans, fish (omega-3 fatty acids), cruciferous vegetables, selenium, and vitamin E.

23
Q

What is the role of lycopene in prostate cancer prevention?

A

Lycopene has antioxidant properties that help reduce prostate cancer risk.

24
Q

What are common symptoms of prostate cancer?

A

Urinary symptoms (frequency, nocturia, difficulty urinating), hematuria, dysuria, erectile dysfunction, painful ejaculation.

25
Q

What are signs of metastatic prostate cancer?

A

Bone pain (vertebrae, pelvis, ribs), urinary and faecal incontinence.

26
Q

Name two diagnostic methods for detecting prostate cancer.

A

Biopsy and histology, PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test.

27
Q

What does the TNM staging system assess in prostate cancer?

A

Tumour size (T), lymph node involvement (N), metastasis (M).

28
Q

What is the Gleason Score used for?

A

To grade prostate cancer aggressiveness (scores 2-10).

29
Q

What are the treatment options for prostate cancer?

A

Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, palliative care.

30
Q

What is the primary method of prostate cancer screening?

A

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test.

31
Q

What is the goal of palliative care in cancer management?

A

To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life in advanced cancer patients.

32
Q

When is Prostate Cancer Awareness Month?

A

September.

33
Q

What are the most common female reproductive tract cancers?

A

Cancers of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovary.

34
Q

What is the most common histological type of cervical cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma.

35
Q

How many new cases of cervical cancer were reported globally in 2012?

A

530,000 new cases.

36
Q

What percentage of cervical cancer cases occur in developing countries?

A

0.86

37
Q

What is the primary cause of cervical cancer?

A

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types.

38
Q

How long can cervical cancer take to develop after an HPV infection?

A

Up to 20 years.

39
Q

What are risk factors for cervical cancer?

A

Early sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, smoking, high parity, HIV infection, oral contraceptive use.

40
Q

What are the common symptoms of cervical cancer?

A

Postmenopausal bleeding, vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, post-coital bleeding, backache, irregular vaginal bleeding.

41
Q

What screening methods are used to detect cervical cancer?

A

Pap test, liquid-based cytology, VIA/VILI, HPV testing.

42
Q

What is the gold standard for cervical cancer screening?

A

Pap test.

43
Q

What are the treatment options for cervical cancer?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, palliative care.

44
Q

How does Lopinavir help in cervical cancer treatment?

A

Lopinavir, an antiviral drug, has been shown to kill HPV when applied directly to the cervix.

45
Q

What is the five-year survival rate for Stage 1A cervical cancer?

A

95-99%.

46
Q

What is the five-year survival rate for Stage 4 cervical cancer?

A

0.2

47
Q

What is the recommended screening frequency for women aged 30-49 years?

A

At least once in a lifetime, ideally every 2 years.

48
Q

What is Cervical Health Awareness Month?

A

January.

49
Q

What global initiative aims to reduce premature mortality from cancer by 25%?

A

WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (2013-2030).

50
Q

What measures has the Nigerian government taken to improve cancer control?

A

Establishment of the National Agency for Cancer Control, strengthening PHC systems, HPV vaccination inclusion, increased access to cancer medication, expansion of radiation therapy services, and development of a palliative care policy.

Community Health (38 decks)

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