Infertility in The Community MCH Flashcards
What are the five requirements for conception?
Production of healthy egg and sperm, unblocked tubes, sperm’s ability to fertilise the egg, implantation of the embryo, and a healthy pregnancy.
Define infertility.
Failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular coitus without contraception.
What is primary infertility?
Infertility in a couple that has never conceived.
What is secondary infertility?
Infertility occurring after a previous pregnancy, regardless of outcome.
What percentage of pregnancies occur within one month without contraception?
0.25
What percentage of pregnancies occur within six months without contraception?
0.6
What percentage of pregnancies occur within twelve months without contraception?
0.8
List two preventable causes of infertility related to lifestyle.
Use of tobacco and caffeine, poor sexual health practices.
How does age affect fertility in women?
Fertility declines significantly after the late 30s in women.
How does age affect fertility in men?
Age affects sexual function and coital frequency, indirectly impacting fertility.
Why is timing of intercourse important for conception?
Fertilisation requires sperm to be present in the genital tract shortly after ovulation.
How long can sperm survive in the genital tract?
48–72 hours.
How long does an ovum survive after ovulation?
12–24 hours.
Name two drugs that can negatively impact fertility.
Methyldopa and anticancer drugs.
What hormone dominates the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone.
What changes does progesterone cause in the menstrual cycle?
Thickening of endocervical mucus and increased basal body temperature.
What physical symptoms suggest regular ovulation in women?
Fullness of the breasts, abdominal bloating, and mild peripheral oedema.
Name one cost-effective method to diagnose ovulation.
Basal body temperature monitoring.
List two priorities for preventing infertility through STI control.
Prevent transmission and ensure early treatment of infections.
What vaccination can help prevent infertility in children?
Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine.
How does using an intrauterine device (IUD) in youth affect fertility?
Increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility.
Why is community education important in preventing infertility?
It ensures all individuals have access to STI treatment and reproductive health education.
What are two constraints to infertility prevention at the community level?
Lack of understanding of infertility’s magnitude and poor prevention strategies.
What are two constraints to infertility management at the healthcare level?
Lack of staff training and functional referral systems.
Name three actions that should be taken at the PHC level to manage infertility.
History-taking, physical examination, counselling on fertile periods, and referrals.