Health Care Financing - HMPD

Question 1

What is one of the main factors contributing to the rising cost of health care globally?

Answer 1

An ageing population.

Question 2

How does an ageing population contribute to increasing healthcare costs?

Answer 2

Older individuals typically require more medical care, thus increasing healthcare costs.

Question 3

What impact does increased population coverage have on healthcare costs?

Answer 3

Increased population coverage expands the demand for healthcare services, driving costs up.

Question 4

How do technological advancements contribute to the rising cost of healthcare?

Answer 4

Technological advancements introduce expensive equipment and treatments, increasing costs.

Question 5

What is meant by “growing health expectations” and how does it influence healthcare costs?

Answer 5

As populations demand better healthcare and more advanced treatments, costs rise.

Question 6

How does a change in disease patterns (epidemiological transition) contribute to healthcare cost increases?

Answer 6

Changing disease patterns mean more complex or chronic conditions, increasing healthcare costs.

Question 7

How do economic factors affect healthcare costs globally?

Answer 7

Economic instability can reduce government funding for health, shifting costs to individuals.

Question 8

How do political factors play a role in rising healthcare costs?

Answer 8

Political decisions affect the allocation of funds and support for healthcare services.

Question 9

What does the term “healthcare budget allocation” refer to?

Answer 9

It refers to how much of the government budget is dedicated to healthcare spending.

Question 10

What is the proportion of the federal budget allocated to health between 1996 and 2006?

Answer 10

The federal budget allocated 7.1% to health in 1996, decreasing to 3.5% in 2006.

Question 11

What percentage of the federal budget was allocated to health in 2006?

Answer 11

3.5% of the federal budget was allocated to health in 2006.

Question 12

What health expenditure percentage does Nigeria allocate to its GDP?

Answer 12

Nigeria allocates 4.1% of its GDP to health expenditure.

Question 13

What factors determine how health resources are distributed?

Answer 13

Decisions about which level of care (primary, secondary, or tertiary) and which programmes or interventions receive funding.

Question 14

What is the bulk of healthcare spending typically allocated to in most countries?

Answer 14

Curative care typically accounts for the largest share of healthcare spending.

Question 15

What proportion of Nigeria’s health expenditure was spent on preventive care in 2002?

Answer 15

Preventive care accounted for only 1% of health expenditure in 2002.

Question 16

What are the key factors influencing health policies and priorities?

Answer 16

Health policies are influenced by priorities of decision-makers and external factors.

Question 17

What does equity in healthcare financing focus on?

Answer 17

Equity focuses on fairness in who pays and who benefits from healthcare.

Question 18

How is efficiency measured in healthcare systems?

Answer 18

Efficiency is about maximizing the productivity and output of healthcare systems.

Question 19

What is meant by effectiveness in healthcare systems?

Answer 19

Effectiveness refers to the actual outcomes, such as improvements in health status.

Question 20

What does sustainability refer to in the context of healthcare?

Answer 20

Sustainability ensures that healthcare funding is viable in the long term.

Question 21

What is the difference between out-of-pocket payments and third-party payments?

Answer 21

Out-of-pocket payments are made directly by individuals, while third-party payments are made by an external party (e.g., insurance).

Question 22

How do out-of-pocket payments contribute to healthcare financing?

Answer 22

Out-of-pocket payments require individuals to pay for healthcare services directly, making access dependent on their ability to pay.

Question 23

What is a third-party payment system in healthcare financing?

Answer 23

A third-party payment system involves an external entity, such as the government or insurance companies, covering healthcare costs.

Question 24

What are some examples of out-of-pocket payments for healthcare services?

Answer 24

Examples include private consultations, over-the-counter drugs, and co-payments.

Question 25

What role does out-of-pocket payment play in healthcare spending in developing countries?

Answer 25

In Nigeria, out-of-pocket payments contributed 63% of health expenditure in 2006.

Question 26

What is the general characteristic of healthcare financing in developed countries?

Answer 26

Developed countries typically rely on third-party financing mechanisms like insurance.

Question 27

What is the Bismarck model of healthcare financing?

Answer 27

The Bismarck model involves compulsory insurance, where funds are pooled for healthcare services.

Question 28

What are the advantages of third-party financing in healthcare systems?

Answer 28

Advantages include risk-pooling, stronger bargaining power with providers, and resource mobilization.

Question 29

What are the disadvantages of third-party financing in healthcare systems?

Answer 29

Disadvantages include moral hazard, adverse selection, and administrative costs.

Question 30

What are the key principles of Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI)?

Answer 30

The key principles of CBHI include autonomy, prepayment, risk sharing, and transparency.