Eye Problems and Preventive Measures - PPPHC

Question 1

What are the main anatomical structures of the eye?

Answer 1

Eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, lens, vitreous, retina.

Question 2

Name four common eyelid disorders.

Answer 2

Stye, chalazion, blepharitis, ptosis.

Question 3

What are three common conjunctival disorders?

Answer 3

Conjunctivitis, pterygium, pingueculum.

Question 4

List four common corneal disorders.

Answer 4

Keratitis, corneal ulcer, corneal abrasion, corneal opacity.

Question 5

What are the common lens disorders?

Answer 5

Cataract, lens subluxation/dislocation.

Question 6

What is glaucoma?

Answer 6

A chronic optic neuropathy causing progressive vision loss.

Question 7

What are the risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)?

Answer 7

Increased IOP, age, family history, myopia, vascular dysregulation.

Question 8

How does glaucoma typically present clinically?

Answer 8

Asymptomatic early, gradual mid-peripheral vision loss, optic disc cupping.

Question 9

What are the main methods for diagnosing glaucoma?

Answer 9

Visual acuity test, tonometry, visual field test, fundus photography, gonioscopy.

Question 10

What are the treatment options for glaucoma?

Answer 10

Medical (eye drops), laser, surgery.

Question 11

What is diabetic retinopathy (DR)?

Answer 11

A microangiopathy caused by diabetes leading to retinal damage.

Question 12

What are the major risk factors for diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 12

Poor glucose control, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, pregnancy.

Question 13

What are the two main types of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 13

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Question 14

List four features of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).

Answer 14

Microaneurysms, haemorrhages, hard exudates, cotton wool spots.

Question 15

List three features of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Answer 15

Neovascularization, vitreous haemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment.

Question 16

What are the risk factors for retinal detachment?

Answer 16

Age (40–60), myopia, trauma, cataract surgery, posterior vitreous detachment.

Question 17

What are the clinical symptoms of retinal detachment?

Answer 17

Floaters, flashes, painless vision loss (curtain effect).

Question 18

How is retinal detachment managed?

Answer 18

Early identification and urgent referral for surgery.

Question 19

Why is early recognition of eye diseases important?

Answer 19

Prevents irreversible blindness.

Question 20

Which patients should be screened for glaucoma?

Answer 20

Age ≥40, African descent, family history of glaucoma, monocular patients.

Question 21

What are the key preventive measures for diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 21

Blood sugar control, hypertension management, regular retinal exams.

Question 22

How can public awareness help prevent eye diseases?

Answer 22

Education on eye hygiene, UV protection, routine eye exams.

Question 23

What is the most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide?

Answer 23

Cataract.

Question 24

What is the role of tonometry in glaucoma diagnosis?

Answer 24

Measures intraocular pressure to assess glaucoma risk.

Question 25

How does myopia increase the risk of retinal detachment?

Answer 25

Increases risk due to retinal thinning and degeneration.

Question 26

How does neovascularization contribute to diabetic retinopathy complications?

Answer 26

Causes fragile new blood vessels that can rupture and bleed.

Question 27

What are common methods of lowering intraocular pressure?

Answer 27

Eye drops, laser therapy, surgery.

Question 28

What are cotton wool spots, and in which condition are they seen?

Answer 28

Retinal infarcts seen in diabetic retinopathy and hypertension.

Question 29

What is optic disc cupping, and why is it important in glaucoma?

Answer 29

Optic nerve damage causing depression of the optic disc.

Question 30

How does hypertension affect diabetic retinopathy progression?

Answer 30

Worsens retinal vessel damage

Question 31

What role does UV protection play in eye health?

Answer 31

Protects against UV-induced cataracts and pterygium.

Question 32

What is the recommended screening interval for diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 32

Annual retinal screening for diabetic patients.

Question 33

What is tractional retinal detachment?

Answer 33

Retinal detachment due to fibrotic scar contraction.

Question 34

What is the primary goal of glaucoma treatment?

Answer 34

Prevent further optic nerve damage and vision loss.

Question 35

Why are African descent individuals at higher risk for glaucoma?

Answer 35

They have a higher genetic predisposition.

Question 36

What is the earliest sign of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 36

Microaneurysms.

Question 37

How does fundus photography aid in eye disease diagnosis?

Answer 37

Captures retinal images for disease monitoring.

Question 38

Why is vision loss from glaucoma irreversible?

Answer 38

Optic nerve damage is irreversible.

Question 39

What is the difference between NPDR and PDR in diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 39

NPDR has microaneurysms and haemorrhages; PDR has neovascularization.

Question 40

What lifestyle modifications can help prevent diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 40

Healthy diet, exercise, blood pressure control, no smoking.

Question 41

What are the common causes of vitreous haemorrhage?

Answer 41

Retinal neovascularization, trauma, diabetes.

Question 42

How does ageing affect posterior vitreous detachment?

Answer 42

Increases with age, common in diabetics.

Question 43

What is the function of gonioscopy in glaucoma evaluation?

Answer 43

Assesses the drainage angle in glaucoma evaluation.

Question 44

How can community-based care improve eye health outcomes?

Answer 44

Enables early detection, treatment, and public education.