Eye Problems and Preventive Measures - PPPHC Flashcards
What are the main anatomical structures of the eye?
Eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, lens, vitreous, retina.
Name four common eyelid disorders.
Stye, chalazion, blepharitis, ptosis.
What are three common conjunctival disorders?
Conjunctivitis, pterygium, pingueculum.
List four common corneal disorders.
Keratitis, corneal ulcer, corneal abrasion, corneal opacity.
What are the common lens disorders?
Cataract, lens subluxation/dislocation.
What is glaucoma?
A chronic optic neuropathy causing progressive vision loss.
What are the risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)?
Increased IOP, age, family history, myopia, vascular dysregulation.
How does glaucoma typically present clinically?
Asymptomatic early, gradual mid-peripheral vision loss, optic disc cupping.
What are the main methods for diagnosing glaucoma?
Visual acuity test, tonometry, visual field test, fundus photography, gonioscopy.
What are the treatment options for glaucoma?
Medical (eye drops), laser, surgery.
What is diabetic retinopathy (DR)?
A microangiopathy caused by diabetes leading to retinal damage.
What are the major risk factors for diabetic retinopathy?
Poor glucose control, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, pregnancy.
What are the two main types of diabetic retinopathy?
Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
List four features of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).
Microaneurysms, haemorrhages, hard exudates, cotton wool spots.
List three features of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
Neovascularization, vitreous haemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment.
What are the risk factors for retinal detachment?
Age (40–60), myopia, trauma, cataract surgery, posterior vitreous detachment.
What are the clinical symptoms of retinal detachment?
Floaters, flashes, painless vision loss (curtain effect).
How is retinal detachment managed?
Early identification and urgent referral for surgery.
Why is early recognition of eye diseases important?
Prevents irreversible blindness.
Which patients should be screened for glaucoma?
Age ≥40, African descent, family history of glaucoma, monocular patients.
What are the key preventive measures for diabetic retinopathy?
Blood sugar control, hypertension management, regular retinal exams.
How can public awareness help prevent eye diseases?
Education on eye hygiene, UV protection, routine eye exams.
What is the most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide?
Cataract.
What is the role of tonometry in glaucoma diagnosis?
Measures intraocular pressure to assess glaucoma risk.
How does myopia increase the risk of retinal detachment?
Increases risk due to retinal thinning and degeneration.
How does neovascularization contribute to diabetic retinopathy complications?
Causes fragile new blood vessels that can rupture and bleed.
What are common methods of lowering intraocular pressure?
Eye drops, laser therapy, surgery.
What are cotton wool spots, and in which condition are they seen?
Retinal infarcts seen in diabetic retinopathy and hypertension.
What is optic disc cupping, and why is it important in glaucoma?
Optic nerve damage causing depression of the optic disc.
How does hypertension affect diabetic retinopathy progression?
Worsens retinal vessel damage
What role does UV protection play in eye health?
Protects against UV-induced cataracts and pterygium.
What is the recommended screening interval for diabetic retinopathy?
Annual retinal screening for diabetic patients.
What is tractional retinal detachment?
Retinal detachment due to fibrotic scar contraction.
What is the primary goal of glaucoma treatment?
Prevent further optic nerve damage and vision loss.
Why are African descent individuals at higher risk for glaucoma?
They have a higher genetic predisposition.
What is the earliest sign of diabetic retinopathy?
Microaneurysms.
How does fundus photography aid in eye disease diagnosis?
Captures retinal images for disease monitoring.
Why is vision loss from glaucoma irreversible?
Optic nerve damage is irreversible.
What is the difference between NPDR and PDR in diabetic retinopathy?
NPDR has microaneurysms and haemorrhages; PDR has neovascularization.
What lifestyle modifications can help prevent diabetic retinopathy?
Healthy diet, exercise, blood pressure control, no smoking.
What are the common causes of vitreous haemorrhage?
Retinal neovascularization, trauma, diabetes.
How does ageing affect posterior vitreous detachment?
Increases with age, common in diabetics.
What is the function of gonioscopy in glaucoma evaluation?
Assesses the drainage angle in glaucoma evaluation.
How can community-based care improve eye health outcomes?
Enables early detection, treatment, and public education.
