Malaria in Pregnancy - MCH Flashcards
What is the causative agent of malaria?
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites.
Which species of Plasmodium is the most deadly?
Plasmodium falciparum.
How is malaria transmitted?
Through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, primarily from dusk to dawn.
Which populations are most at risk for severe malaria infections?
Young children, non-immune pregnant women, semi-immune HIV-infected pregnant women, and travellers from non-endemic areas.
How many annual malaria deaths occur globally, and what percentage is in Africa?
About a million deaths annually, with 91% in Africa.
What are the four species of Plasmodium that infect humans?
Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale.
What factors affect the intensity of malaria transmission?
The parasite, the vector, the human host, and the environment.
What is the role of Anopheles mosquitoes in malaria transmission?
They act as definitive hosts and vectors for Plasmodium parasites.
What are the incubation period and common symptoms of acute malaria?
10–15 days; symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, nausea, and vomiting.
How is malaria diagnosed?
By thick and thin blood films, and additional investigations for severe cases.
Name two differential diagnoses for malaria in pregnancy.
Chorioamnionitis and urinary tract infections.
Why are primigravidae more affected by malaria during pregnancy?
Pregnancy decreases acquired immunity, especially in the 1st and 2nd trimesters.
What maternal complications can malaria cause during pregnancy?
Acute haemolysis, cerebral malaria, renal failure, threatened abortion, and premature labour.
How does malaria affect the placenta and the foetus?
The placental barrier limits parasite passage, and maternal antibodies provide passive immunity.
List two complications of malaria in the foetus.
Prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction.
What is the first-line antimalarial therapy for uncomplicated malaria in the first trimester?
Quinine with or without clindamycin.
What treatments are recommended for complicated malaria during pregnancy?
Parenteral quinine, artesunate, or artemether followed by oral therapy.
Why is artemisinin preferred over quinine for treating malaria?
Artemisinin reduces the risk of miscarriage compared to quinine.
What are the three components of malaria prevention in pregnancy?
IPTp-SP, LLINs, and effective case management.
What is the recommended schedule for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp-SP)?
IPTp-SP is administered starting in the second trimester at each ANC visit, one month apart.
Why should IPTp-SP not be given in the first trimester of pregnancy?
SP can harm foetal development during the first trimester.
What are the limitations of intermittent screening and treatment in pregnancy (ISTp)?
ISTp is less effective and more expensive than IPTp-SP.
Why is folic acid supplementation limited to 0.4 mg daily during IPTp-SP?
Higher doses counteract the antimalarial efficacy of SP.
How do long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) benefit pregnant women?
LLINs reduce malaria cases and improve birth outcomes.
