Neuropathology Flashcards
What is this?
–Chromatolysis after axonal damage or toxicity
= neuronal degeneration, reversible
What is this?
–Hypereosinophilic, shrunken, dead neurons due to ischaemia, hypoglycaemia, vitamin deficiencies (thiamine) or intoxications (cyanide, lead, mercury)
= neuronal necrosis, irreversible
What is this?
–Swollen neurons due to (lysosomal) storage diseases
What is this?
What are the types and when are they seen?
–Viral inclusion bodies:
- Nuclear: Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Bornavirus
- Cytoplasmic: Poxvirus, rabies
- Both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic: Paramyxovirus (Distemper)
Wha is this? When is it seen?
–Cytoplasmic vacuolation on spongiform encephalopathies (BSE, scrapie, FSE
What is this? When is it seen?
Demyelination e.g. distemper
What is this? When is it seen?
Hypomyelination
in cases of in utero infection with BVDV or Border disease
What is this?
•Vasogenic oedema
(Increased extracell. fluid)
What is this?
•Cytotoxic oedema
(Increased intracell. fluid)
What are the 5 disease categories?
- Congenital anomalies/malformations
- Trauma/vascular
- Inflammation/infection
- Degeneration
- Neoplasia
In CNS what does manifestation of disease generally reflect?
Location injury
What can be seen and what causes it?
Congenital hydrocephalus
Expansion of the ventricles due to obstruction and back up of CSF and/or loss of CNS tissue (pressure atrophy or necrosis or hypoplasia).
What is this?
Lhasa apso with congenital lissencephaly resulting from disturbance of neuronal migration and proliferation during development
What is this?
Cerebellar hypoplasia, BVDV
What are these?
Cerebral infarct
What causes cerebral infact?
Vaculitis
Thromosis
Embolism
What is the result of cerebral infarction?
Sudden onset of clinical signs, liquifactive necrosis (malacia)
What is this?
Acute cerebellar infarct, dog
A) What is this?
B) What is the potential aetiology?
A) Myelomalacia
B) Fibrocartilaginous embolism
(FCEM)
What is this?
Herniated intervertebral disk, spinal cord. The disk material (arrows) lies in the epidural space, touches the dura mater, and compresses the overlying spinal cord. An area of necrosis, possibly caused by infarction is present in the ventral area of the left lateral funiculus (arrowhead). The multiple small holes in all funiculi are the sites of lost nerves as the result of spinal cord compression, which caused Wallerian degeneration.
Name a bacteria which enters haematogenously?
Streptococci
Name 2 things which intraaxonal?
Viruses such as Rabies, bacteria like Listeria
How can a direct extension cause neuropathology?
From sinusitis, otitis, abcesses
Name a virus which route of entry is within a leucocyte
Canine distemper virus
What causes this?
Suppurative meningoencephalitis
Streptococcus suis.
Pyogenic bacteria often derive from navel-ill in young animals
What is this?
Haemophilus parasuis
Haemophilus parasuis, Glasser’s disease (polyserositis, polyarthritis).
What is this?
Caudal brainstem. Suppurative foci - numerous neutrophils and some macrophages infiltrate the neuroparenchyma (also called ‘microabscesses’). Gram positive bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes. It is a zoonotic disease. Listeriosis is primarily a winter-spring disease of feedlot or housed ruminants. The less acidic pH of spoiled silage enhances multiplication of L monocytogenes.
What is this?
Viral infections often manifest as a non-suppurative
(meningo-)encephal(omyel) itis
What is this?
Aujeszky’s Disease
High magnification images of lesions in the cerebral cortex, characterised by perivascular cuffing and intense focal gliosis and inflammatory infiltration within the neocortex. Some neutrophils are present in the infiltrate.
(pseudorabies, porcine herpes virus)
What is this?
Prion disease (TSEs)
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy - Caudal brainstem grey matter. Left panel - Low magnification view of spongiform change in the neuropil, the definitive lesion of the prion diseases. Right panel - striking multiple large vacuoles in the perikaryon of a large neuron.
What is this?
Cerebral cortical necrosis (CCN)
(= polioencephalomalacia = PEM)
Acute cerebrocortical polioencephalomalacia, thiamine deficiency, brain, parietal lobe, level of thalamus, goat. Note the liquefactive necrosis with varying degrees of tissue separation (arrows) in the deep cortex.
What is this?
CCN or polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
What is this?
Symmetrical poliomyelomalacia
Selenium toxicosis in pigs
Name some primary neoplasias of the CNS
Meningioma
Astrocytoma
Oligodendroglioma
Ependymoma/Choroid plexus tumour
Neuroblastoma/Medulloblastoma (PNET)
What is this?
Astrocytomas and Oligodendrogliomas:
more common in dogs than cats, especially in brachycephalic dogs
What is this?
Astrocytoma
