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Small Animal Final Year > Examination of the Lame Dog and Cat > Flashcards

Examination of the Lame Dog and Cat Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 things which may limit the differential list in a lame animal (4)

A
  • Signalment
  • History
  • Clinical signs
  • Response to treatment
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2
Q

What would you put on your differential list if you are presented with a lame labrador?

A

Elbow dysplasia

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3
Q

What would you put on your differential list if you are presented with a lame West highland white terrier?

A

Cruciate disease

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4
Q

What would you put on your differential list with a lame older animal?

A

Osteoarthiritis

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5
Q

What would you put on your differential list with a lame younger animal?

A

Panosteitis

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6
Q

What would you put on your differential list with a lame young-middle aged animal?

A

Cruciate disease

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7
Q

What disease is chronic and progressive in onset?

A

Osteoarthiritis and degenerative joint disease

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8
Q

Name 2 things which causes acute onset lameness (3)

A
  • Trauma
  • Infection
  • FB
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9
Q

What 2 diseases are acute or chronic in onset of lamness?

A

Cruciate rupture on patella subluxation.

Pathological fracture resulting from bone neoplasia

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10
Q

What disease causes waxing and waning lameness?

A

Panosteiitis

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11
Q

What disease has a history of being acutely lame followed by a slow improvement?

A

Cruciate rupture

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12
Q

Name 2 diseases which have a history of being acute and intermittent

A
  • Patella subluxation
  • Superficial digitial flexor instability
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13
Q

What would give a clinical history of being worse on harder surface?

A

Foot pathology including foreign body and corns

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14
Q

How can you approach the clinical exam of a lame dog?

A
  • Observation in the consulting room (difficult with cats)
  • Dogs walked outside
  • Full clinical examination
  • Lameness examination
  • Neurological examination
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15
Q

What would you see in the consult room with a cervical disc with root signature?

A

HEad carriage

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16
Q

What would you see in the consult room with panosteitis?

A

Attentive and interested or depressed

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17
Q

What should you do before a clinical exam of a lame dog?

A

Observation at walk and brisk trot

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18
Q

What does a head nod mean in a dog?

A

The nod = the good leg

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19
Q

What does a hip rise mean in a dog?

A

Affected leg rises and falls quicker. The hip rise = bad leg

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20
Q

If the animal is shwing respratory signs and lameness what would you think of?

A

Pulmonary osteopathy

21
Q

What does urinary tract disease have to do with lameness?

A

•Association with lumbosacral discospondylitis and resulting lameness

22
Q

What does prostatic disease have to do with lameness?

A

Metastatic spread to long bones

23
Q

If an animal is young and pyrexic, what 2 things would you think of?

A
  • Metaphyseal osteopathy
  • Panosteitis
24
Q

If an animal is pyrexic, lame and of any age, what would you think of?

A

Polyarthritis

25
Q

Where is muscle atrophy commonly seen?

A
  • Scapula muscle with shoulder lameness
26
Q

How should you examine feet and pads?

A

–Palpate digits and pads individually

–Twist each nail

–Any wear to nails

  • Examine nail beds
27
Q

Why should you examine nail beds in the lame cat?

A

Site of pulmonary adenocarcinoma metastasis

28
Q

How should you examine joints in the lame dog?

A

–Palpate for effusions especially the stifle

  • Run hands down both legs
  • Sharp margins of patella ligament – normal. Not sharp maybe an effusion

–Painful?

–Medial buttress to stifle?

–Instability e.g. cruciate

•Cranial draw or tibial crest

–Abnormal movement e.g. inter-tarsal subluxation, carpal hyperextension

29
Q

What do you look for in ligaments and tendons in a lameness exam?

A

–Palpate for swelling

–Pain

–Heat

–Resulting instability if ruptured

–Maybe unstable in their grooves e.g. SDF and LDE

30
Q

How may a patella subluxate?

A

Medially or laterally

31
Q

How can you bring about subluxation?

A

Need to flex and extend with pressure on patella

32
Q

What two tests can we do for a cruciate rupture?

A
  • Cranal drawer
  • Tibial thrust
33
Q

How can a cranial drawer be performed?

A
  • In many dogs can be performed conscious
  • Standing or lying
34
Q

When is a tibial thrust easier to perform?

A

If joint painful

35
Q

How can we examine bones in a lameness exam?

A

–Observe – e.g. the bone will look wider as if steamrollered if the dog has pulmonary osteopathy

–Palpate

–Squeeze – e.g. panosteitis dogs will resent this

–Pain on gentle palpation – e.g., neoplasia

–Often overlooked

36
Q

What should we do in a neuro exam of a lame dog?

A
  • Neck or thoracolumbar pain?
  • Palpate the axilla again
  • Rectal examination if hind limb neurological deficits
  • Check anal and rectal tone
  • Check the peripheral nerves and see if there are any central lesions
37
Q

What do we need to distinguish between on radiography with polyarthritis?

A

Erosive and non-erosive forms

38
Q

What is the mainstay of further examinations of a lame dog?

A

Radiographs

39
Q

What do we need to examine radiographs for? (what disease types)

A

Primary and secondary disease

40
Q

When would you do joint taps of multiple joints?

A

Polyarthritis

41
Q

What stain do we use in horses with a joint tap?

A

Diff Quick

42
Q

What is many neutrophils in joint tap suggestive of?

A

Sepsis or if in several joints polyarthritis

43
Q

Name 2 specific blood tests we might do in a lame animal (3)

A
  • RF for rheumatoid arthritis
  • ANA for SLE
  • Borellia burgdorferi serology or PCR for Lymes disease
44
Q

Name a time CT is reallygood (2)

A

–Particularly useful for elbows when can clearly see FCP and humeral intercondylar fissure

–Also mineralisation of the infra and supraspinatus tendons

45
Q

Name a time MRI is gooff in lameness (2)

A

–Better soft tissue definition and good for stifles, shoulders and the detection of foreign bodies

–Also to examine spine for nerve root tumours and lumbosacral disease

46
Q

When is ultrasound good? (3)

A
  • Bicipital tendon
  • Achilles
  • Flexor tendon
47
Q

What 3 sites is an arthroscopy good for?

A
  • Shoulder
  • Elbow
  • Stifle
48
Q

What two sites is arthroscopy difficult to access?

A
  • Carpus
  • Talocrural joint
49
Q

Other than imaging, name 3 further tests we might need to use in lameness (4)

A

•Biopsy : any mass or swellings

–To biopsy a possible bone tumour take from centre of mass

  • Nerve conduction studies
  • EMG
  • Muscle biopsies : e.g. Labrador retriever myopathy

Small Animal Final Year (317 decks)

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