Lung Disease Gross Pathology Flashcards
Where can respiratory disease affect? (7)
Nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (extrapulmonary/intrapulmonary), bronchioles, alveoli
What are the classes of respiratory diseases (7)
- Congenital anomaly
- Metabolic disturbance
- Circulatory disturbance
- Inflammation
- Degeneration
- Neoplasia
What type of disease is this and what is it?
Congenital - Cleft palate (palatoschisis)
What type of lesion is this and what is it?
Inflammation
Inflammation of the nasal cavity (rhinitis) - This is a case of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine Herpesvirus 1; typically causing a fibrinous-necrotizing inflammation
What type of lesion is this and what is it?
Circulatory disturbance - Circulatory disturbance (haemorrhage)
This is an ethmoidal haematoma. This lesion can grossly or endoscopically be mistaken for a tumour
What type of lesion is this and what is it?
Atrophy - Atrophy of nasal conchae
This is a case of atrophic rhinitis, caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida; characterized by inflammation and atrophy of nasal conchae (turbinates)This is a case of atrophic rhinitis, caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida; characterized by inflammation and atrophy of nasal conchae (turbinates)
Define aplasia
•Lack of development of an organ
Define hypoplasia
•Incomplete development of an organ
Define hypertrophy
Increased size of cells
Define hyperplasia
•Increased number of cells
Define atrophy
Reduced number/size of cells
Define neoplasia
•Abnormal growth of cells
What type of anomaly is this?
Congenital anomaly
This picture shows everted laryngeal saccules, a feature of the brachycephalic airway syndrome. Other features include stenotic nostrils and nasal meatuses and an excessively long soft palate
What lesion is this?
Tracheitis
This is another case of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine Herpesvirus 1;
Tracheitis = inflammation of the trachea
What lesion is this?
Circulatory disturbance - The lungs are distended by oedema fluid, resulting in rounded edges and oedematous distention of the interlobular septa. The marked reddening is due to vascular congestion
What is this?
Pulmonary oedema -
Air (trachea) + fluid (lung) = Foam
What type of lesion is this?
Inflammation
Bronchopneumonia
This is a case of bovine enzootic pneumonia (calf pneumonia), characterized by a cranioventral suppurative bronchopneumonia
(= inflammation of bronchi and lung);
Cause: primarily viral (PI-3 virus, BRSV…), secondarily bacterial (Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica…)
What are the portals of entry into the lung (3)
•Erogenous (inhalation)
- Infectious agents, toxic gases
•Haematogenous (blood)
- Infectious agents, toxins
•Direct extension
- Penetrating wounds, migrating awns, bites, oesophagus rupture, diaphragm perforation (hardware)
What type of lesion is this?
Interstitial pneumonia - The inflammation takes place primarily in the alveolar walls and the contiguous bronchiolar interstitium; gross: failure to collapse, diffuse (!) distention, occasional rib impressions (poor deflation); port of entry can be haematogenous or erogenous
What is this?
Interstitial pneumonia
What type of lesion is this?
Metastatic neoplasia
This was a case of metastatic sarcoma (not further classified)
What parasite is this?
Dictyocaulus viviparus
Note the large amount of foam in the tracheal lumen
→ evidence of pulmonary oedema!
What is happening here?
Alveolar pattern
What is the treatment for IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) (7)
- Symptomatic treatment
- Avoid trauma to airway i.e. collars, harness only, avoid smoke inhalation
- Inhaled therapy
- Bronchodilator only if secondary airway spasm, corticosteroids
- Oral therapy
- Bronchodilators - especially if concurrent airway collapse
- Corticosteroids
- Can make animals pant more so ?
- Additional immunosuppressive medication
- Azathioprine and cyclosporin
- No evidence of clinical efficacy
- Antibiotics as necessary
- Airways not sterile, they can get recurrent infection
- Anti-fibrotics (e.g. colchicine)
- Theoretically slows collagen deposition and reduces production of profibrotic cytokines
- No evidence for efficacy of these in veterinary patients
- No evidence of improved outcomes in humans either
- Management of pulmonary hypertension (it is a secondary complication of this, so improve this, then right sided compliance and the hearts ability to get blood into lungs may improve)
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
- Sidenafil, tadalafil
- pimonbendan
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
What is going on?
Cranial mediastinum: can see the margin between the two lung lobes.
Air bronchograms seen
Right middle lung lobe consolidation
There is a marked alveolar pattern overlying the heart with visible air bronchograms. This is the right middle lung lobe which can be affected by pneumonia including secondary to aspiration.
