Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small Animal Final Year > Infectious Respiratory Disease in Small Animals > Flashcards

Infectious Respiratory Disease in Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What would you suspect with this cat?

A

– cats left nostril has nasal discharge. Thinking about what might cause this:

  • FeLV – viral disease in the nose
  • Calicivirus and herpes virus – Cat flu, gives discharge
  • Making it one side rather than 2 sides – foreign body or tumours (neoplasia).
  • So looking carefully can be a clue!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does FelV predispose to?

A

predisposes to tumours and nasal tumours would be one of those

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What age are diseases more severe?

A

younger the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is important to help prevent disease in the newborn?

A

Colostrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 3 things come together to contribute to how important a disease is and how is impacts the control?

A

1.Infectious agent

•Virus or bacteria or fungal?

2.Host

•Is it young or immunocompromised

3.Environment

•The more animals packed in, the less well ventilated, the increase chance of spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What things do we need to think about when it comes to the infectious agent? (4)

A
  • Which one(s)
  • Which animals are affected
  • How easily it’s transmitted
  • How well it survives in the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are the following normally primary or secondary:

A) Virus?

B) Bacteria?

C) Fungi?

A

A) Primary

B) Secondary (although not always)

C) Primary or secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why did the fungi leave the party?

A

There wasn’t mushroom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What factors about the host determine the impact of a disease? (4)

A
  • Age
  • Pregnancy/ birth

–Was it a normal pregnancy? Or were there problems at birth?

•Stress (physical or psychological)

–Taken away from mum too early?

–Has it been rehomed?

–Is the environment not great?

•Immunity (vaccination)

–Has it has colostrum on board?

–Has it been vaccinated properly?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What things about the environment determine the impact of a disease? (4)

A
  • Contact between animals – how close are the animals? Do they have open bars between cages for example
  • Presence of FOMITES – food bowls e.g. are they properly cleaned up, grooming equipment etc.
  • Hygiene – cleaning, surfaces, drains, bedding

–How well is the environment kept clean, is it steam cleaned and washed etc.

•Presence of quarantine/ isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is this?

A

•Eyes – chemosis (top right), discharge, watery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is going on here?

A

•severe example of cat with herpes, excoriation around eyes, ulceration around nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the specific clinical signs of a respiratory infection? (5)

A
  • Ocular discharge - upper
  • Nasal Discharge – more likely to be upper
    • Mucoid, mucopurulent, blood?
      • If blood, maybe thinking neoplasia
      • If mucoid or mucopurulent – infectious?
    • Depends on species. SA – upper.
  • Cough – upper or lower?
    • Cardiac disease is a big differential
  • Dyspnoea/Tachypnoea?
    • Usually more lower resp, potentially cardiac disease
  • Stertor/Stridor?
    • Stertor – grumbling, clearing your throat type noise – brachycephalic sounding!
    • Stridor – more gasping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the more general clinical signs of a respiratory infection? (3)

A
  • Pyrexia?
    • Perhaps indicator or more severe disease
    • Might point to URT disease that has gone down into LRT
  • Depression?
    • Very general sign
    • Wont help make diagnosis but helps you work out how severe the animal is in terms of its disease
  • Inappetance?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a differential diagnosis of respiratory infection?

A

•Not much is pathognomic (doesn’t tell you what it is just by looking at it)

–Herpes – is an exception, corneal ulcers often associated with herpes virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is kennel cough?

A
  • Clinical syndrome (Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease – CIRD), not a specific disease – it is a bunch of different agents together
  • Many different pathogens involved – some likely to be unknown!
  • Not always associated with kennels!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do owners often see with kennel cough? (3)

A
  • dry cough, not always
  • Often they wretch a lot
  • Owners often concerned about choking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can be seen on the face of a dog with KC?

A
  • Top left – retching dog
  • often outstretched head, deep, hoarse coughing.
  • Sometimes fluid sounding
  • Sometimes nasal discharge
  • Sometimes ocular signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What pathogens cause KC?(5)

A

‘Classical’ kennel cough

•Bordetella bronchiseptica – main bacteria associated

Virus sometimes associated as well in some cases. Very different in each case, depends on the mixture of different pathogens involved

  • Canine parainfluenza virus
  • Canine adenovirus-2
  • Canine respiratory coronavirus
  • (Canine distemper virus) – infectious resp virus but more associated with more severe disease in unvaccinated animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica:

A) How does it cause problems?

B) How is it transmitted?

C) How long does shedding occur for?

D) Which species can there be cross contamination?

A

A) Binds to cilia and inhibits mucociliary escalator (stops your mucus cilia escalator, stops phlegm getting out of lower airway)

B) Needs close contact for transmission

C) Shedding can occur for up to 12 weeks post-infection. Well after clinical signs will have gone

D) Cross-species transmission including cats and humans (includes vaccines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can we vaccinate against Bordetella bronchiseptica and what is the danger in the immunosuppressed?

A

Intranasal - this is a potential route of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Canine parainfluenza virus:

A) What type of virus?

B) Where does it infect?

C) What is the risk?

D) How can we vacccinate? (2)

A

A) Enveloped RNA virus

B) Infects upper respiratory tract only

C) Paves way for other organisms

D) Subcutaneous and intranasal vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Canine adenovirus-2:

A) What type of virus is it?

B) What is it related to?

A

A) Non-enveloped DNA virus

B) Closely related to CAV-1 (infectious canine hepatitis) - Vaccine based on CAV-1 protects against both pathogens, so in theory should be protected against in vaccinated animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Canine respiratory coronavirus:

A) What type of virus is it?

B) What is it related to in humans?

C) How severe is the disease?

A

A) Enveloped RNA virus

B) Human cold virus

Mild but may predispose to other infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the transmission routes of KC? (3)

A
  • Mainly by aerosol for parainfluenza, Bordetella, respiratory coronavirus – upper resp disease characterised by coughing
  • Some direct transmission possible, fomites possible
  • Distemper spread differently in all body secretions – not really a kennel cough thing??
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When do we diagnose KC?

A

•If it will change management – if not, usually just clinical signs and history used to get a good index of suspicion

–Antibiotics, vaccination

• OR if pattern of disease changes

–Might have a different pathogen in the mix, might need sensitivity tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the diagnostic options for KC? (3)

A
  • Paired serology
  • Nasal or oropharyngeal swab for most pathogens (PCR)
  • Conjunctival swab for distemper (IFA) – distemper antigen can be found in cells that have slughed off from conjunctiva etc, either an URT nasal swab or conjunctival swab
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What anitibiotics do we give for KC? What signs suggest the need?

A
  • Not always necessary! Owners often want these but sometimes you have to convince owner that they do not need the antibotics. Often they will get better without!
  • Signs that may warrant antibiotics – mucopurulent/purulent discharge, pyrexia, seemingly very unwell
  • If suspect bordetella, gram negative cover
  • Secondary pathogens usually gram negative – pseudomonas, klebsiella but may be gram positive
  • Tetracyclines – tend to have gone out of favour on their own
  • Potentiated sulphonamides
  • Potentiated amoxycillin – Synulox, often used widespread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What Adjunctive treatment can we give for KC? (6)

A
  • Avoid choke chains and pulling on collar – not nice at the best of times, pulling on collar will irritate the upper airway and set coughing off more so
  • Clean eyes and nose
  • NSAIDs may aid if pyrexic
  • Butorphanol, codeine – cough suppressants, maybe – tend to steer away unless necessary, used in more severe cases
  • Glycerin – cough syrups, might ease the cough but not too sure. But gives owner something to do and something to take away!
  • Interrupt bark/ cough cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How can we prevent KC? (5)

A
  • Environmental hygiene
  • Dog-to-dog contact
  • Fomite transmission
  • Ventilation
  • Vaccination
31
Q

Canine distemper virus:

A) What type of virus?

B) Where is it shed?

C) What is the incubation?

A

A) Enveloped RNA virus

B) Shed in all body fluids

C) Incubation 1-2 weeks or more – why animals can come in without disease being noticed at first

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine distemper virus? (4)

A
  • Coughing, ocular/ nasal discharge
  • Vomiting, diarrhoea – GI signs too
  • Neurological signs – if it gets really bad and progresses
  • Hyperkeratosis (“hard pad”) – if they do get better, get hyperkeratosis on the pads - but have to have got better to get this.
33
Q

How is distemper being eradicated?

A

Vaccines

34
Q

What respiratory vacccines can we give? (4)

A
  • Bordetella – live, intranasal
  • Parainfluenza – live, subcutaneous OR intranasal (combined with Bordetella)
  • Respiratory coronavirus – vaccine in development currently
  • Distemper – live, subcutaneous – part of core vaccine
35
Q

What are the 2 vaccine programmes used against Bordetella Bronchiseptica? Include onset of immunity and duration

A
  • Vaccine 1: Active immunisation of dogs against Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus for periods of increased risk; to reduce clinical signs induced by B. bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus and to reduce shedding of canine parainfluenza virus.
  • Onset of immunity against Bordetella bronchiseptica has been demonstrated 72 hours after vaccination, and against canine parainfluenza virus three weeks after vaccination.
  • Duration of immunity: 1 year.
  • Vaccine 2: For active immunisation of dogs of 8 weeks of age or older to reduce coughing caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. Onset of immunity: from 5 days after vaccination.
  • Duration of immunity: 1 year.
36
Q

What do we have to tell owner when vaccinating against KC?

A

•warn owners, its not 200% effective, wont prevent it but will help reduce the risk

37
Q

What are the 2 emerging respiratory pathogens?

A
  • Canine influenza
  • Streptococcus zooepidemicus
38
Q

Canine influenza:

A) Where are most outbreaks?

B) What are the viruses?

C) Where is there UK evidence?

A

A) USA or Asia

B) H3N8 (equine) and H3N2 (avian) viruses

C) UK Foxhouds

39
Q

Canine influenza:

A) Wha perecent are infected?

B) What are the sings?

C) How long does it last?

D) What % Become unwell?

E) How many die?

A

A) 80%

B) Cough, purulent nasal discharge – URT signs

C) 10-30 days

D) 20% (pyrexia and pneumonia)

E) 8%

40
Q

Where are there vaccinations against canine influenza?

A

USA

41
Q

Streptococcus zooepidemicus subsp. equi:

A) Where is it common?

B) What are the clinical signs? (5)

C) What are the mortality and morbitiy rates?

A

A) rescue shelters

B)

  • Acute respiratory disease
  • Cough
  • High fever
  • Bloody nasal discharge
  • Haematemesis

C) Both high

42
Q

What is this?

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus subsp. equi

•Lungs – lots of blood, not very healthy looking! Bloody pleural fluid and chemosis on the surface of the pleura aswell

43
Q

Where is there potential for crospecies transmission with Streptococcus zooepidemicus subsp. equi? (2)

A

Cats and humans

44
Q

What is cat flu not despite it’s name?

A

Influenza

45
Q

What is cat flu?

A
  • Syndrome not a disease
  • Feline Upper Respiratory Infection (Feline URI)
46
Q

What pathogens are responsible for ‘cat flu’?

A
  1. Feline calicivirus (FCV)
  2. Feline herpesvirus I (FHV 1)
  3. Chlamydophila felis ( C felis )

Mycoplasma felis

Bordetella bronchiseptica

47
Q

Discuss feline calicivirus further:;

  • what type of virus is it?
  • what is the problem with it?
A

RNA virus

Non-enveloped virus

  1. Mutates easily during replication
  2. It is hard to kill and survives well in the environment
48
Q

Discuss mutation on feline calicivirus (FCV)?

A
  • Development of different strains
  • Differ in pathogenicity
  • Differ in clinical disease
  • Differ in cross neutralisation?
  • Constantly changing
49
Q

Look at these clinical signs?

(for feline calicivirus i am assuming?? just editing the card for future reference)

A
  • Ulcers on the tongue
  • Mucopurulent ocular discharge
  • Associated limping in kittens
50
Q

What can feline calicivirus virus cause to do with teeth?

A

Feline Calicivirus implicated in this chronic disease. Chronic gingivostomatitis.

51
Q

Discuss FCV in the environment?

A
  • Can persist for days
  • Readily spread by fomites
52
Q

Discuss carrier status of feline calicivirus?

A
  • Length of shedding varies
  • Usually weeks to months
    • ~ 50% cats shed virus for approx. 2 months post infection
  • Some shed constantly
  • Some never shed despite repeated exposure
  • Carriers are asymptomatic
  • Carriers are very important
53
Q

Discuss feline herpevirus?

What type of virus is it? (soz for editing i need v specific Qs lol)

A
  • DNA virus…..doesnt mutate
  • Enveloped….doesnt survive as well in the enviornment
54
Q

How can feline herpes virus appear?

A
  • Type called virial systemic seen more in states that is seen above lfet pic.
    • Cat flu can look that nasty
  • When herpes virus gets into eyes it can cause corneal ulceration.
55
Q

What can happen after cat has had cat flu?

A

Chronic rhinitis

56
Q

Discuss chronic rhinitis “snuffles” further?

Which cats more prone?

Treatment?

A
  • Can be a sequel to cat flu
  • Can be very frustrating to manage
  • Often brachycephalic cats more prone
  • Rule out non infectious/viral/FB/Neoplasia/congenital abnormalities causes
  • Antibiotic therapy? –If response may need to continue for 6-8wk
  • Aerosol therapy (steamy room helps loosen phlegm)
  • Decongestants
  • Antivirals? –L lysine, interferon omega
57
Q

Discuss carrier status of feline herpe virus?

A
  • Infected for life
  • Some shed chronically
  • Some intermittently shed
  • Some carriers are asymptomatic
  • Some carriers have intermittent signs (cf. people with cold sores where virus hides in ganglion of nervous tissue)
58
Q

What could be the cause seen here?

treatment?

A

Chlamydophilafelis (bad ocular signs)

Treat:

  • Antibiotics!!!
  • Doxycycline
  • 10mg/kg SID for 4 weeks
59
Q

Discuss transmission of cat flu pathogens?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Sneezing-aerosols-short range only
  • Grooming
  • Fomites
  • Fleas and FCV

Carrier state for both viruses!

  • FHV: intermittent shedding (stress)
  • FCV: continuous shedding in some cats (months/years?)
60
Q

Diagnosis of FCV and FHV?

A
  • Oral or ocular/conjunctival swabs
  • Viral transport media
  • Virus isolation (FCV/FHV)
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (FHV/ C felis)
61
Q

Discuss management of cat flu?

A

Supportive

  • Fluid therapy
  • Palatable food

Symptomatic

  • Metacam for pain
  • Viscotears for ocular discharge
  • Aerosals to clear phlegm
  • Periactin (appetitie stimulant)

Specific

  • Virbagen Omega

Nutritional support

  • May require transcutaneous oesophagostomy tube for feeding
62
Q
A
63
Q

How to prevent cat flu?

A
  • Vaccination
  • Hygiene
  • Barriers
  • Ventilation
64
Q

How can cat flu be controlled?

A
  • Disinfectants
    • FHV very labile
    • FCV more resistant: Quaternary ammonium compounds NOT effective
65
Q

Discuss snuffles in rabbits?

A

Respiratory disease in rabbits: “snuffles”

  • Rabbits obligate nasal breathers
  • Nasal obstruction bad!
  • Mouth breathing bad sign!
  • but consider stress

Pasteurella multocida

Bordetella bronchiseptica

  • DDx: check teeth!
66
Q

How do you diagnose respiratory disease in rabbits?

A

Diagnosis

  • Clinical signs/physical exam
  • Nasal swab

care –may require sedation

  • Haematological changes may be subtle
  • Radiographs

chronic non-responsive disease Lower respiratory tract infection has a poor prognosis

67
Q

Treatment of rabbit respiratory disease?

A

Treatment

  • Antibiotics
    • e.g. enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin*, potentiated sulphonamides ideally based on C & Sens
  • Treatment may need to be prolonged
    • weeks to months!
    • Avoid dusty environment
  • Nebulising therapy
  • Treat concurrent conjunctivitis
    • Ointments, flush nasolacrymal ducts
  • As always manage owner expectations!!
68
Q

Which pathogens can we vaccinate cats against in the united kingdom?

A

Herpes

Calici

FeLV

C. felis

Panleukopenia

69
Q

What is the youngest age vaccines are licensed for use in kittens?

A
  • 8 weeks
  • But depends on vaccine using look at data sheet.
  • Don’t vaccinate too early as maternal antibodies will prevent efficacy.
70
Q

How long after the first vaccine should you give the second vaccine?

A

2-4 weeks

Again refer to datasheet

71
Q

The primary vaccination course is classed as ‘complete’ when?

A

After the first ‘annual booster’

However in terms of being allowed outside sometime after 2 nd vaccination

72
Q

Vaccination against herpes virus does what?

where should it be given and why?

A

Reduces clinical signs and viral shedding

Should always be given in the right hindlimb(due to feline injection site sarcomas so at least the leg can amputated if one develops)

73
Q

Questions to ask in a kennel cough outbreak at a kennels?

A

Where do the dogs come from?

Are they vaccinated?

What against?

Do the dogs mix with each other?

Do the dogs mix with the cats?

Do the staff mix from different sections?

Is there an isolation or quarantine area?

74
Q

What decisions need to be made in kennel cough outbreak?

A
  • Diagnostics –should we swab the dogs? If so, which?
  • Treatment –should we treat the dogs? If so, with what?
  • Restricting spread –what measures should we take?
  • Rehoming –should coughing dogs be rehomed?
  • Protecting the staff –how do we manage any zoonotic risk?

Small Animal Final Year (317 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions