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Small Animal Final Year > Male Castration > Flashcards

Male Castration Flashcards

1
Q

Define DEEP inguinal ring

A

The entry into the canal from the abdominal cavity bounded by transversalis fascia and abdominal muscles

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2
Q

Define inguinal canal

A

The canal itself bounded by the extension of the transversalis fascia and abdominal muscles. It is more of a flattened slit than a canal

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3
Q

Define deep superficial inguinal ring

A

The exit from the canal into the subcutaneous tissues bounded by external abdominal fascia combining with the transversalis fascia of the canal and by aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle

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4
Q

Label the following

A
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5
Q

Label the following

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6
Q

Name the structures that pass through the inguinal canal in the male

A
  • Spermatic cord
  • External pudendal a&v
  • Genitofemoral n.
  • Peritoneum (vaginal tunic)
  • Cremaster muscle
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7
Q

Label the following

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8
Q

Label the following

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9
Q

Which structure of the male reproductive tract is sandwiched between the layers of spermatic fascia, from the abdominal wall muscle to fascia at scrotal base

A

M. cremaster

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10
Q

Which structure of the male reproductive tract is the smooth muscle beneath scrotal skin attaching to the spermatic fascia?

A

M. dartos

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11
Q

Which structure of the male reproductive tract is the serous membrane forming the wall of the vaginal process, continuous with the parietal peritoneum at the vaginal ring?

A

Parietal vaginal tunic

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12
Q

Which structure of the male reproductive tract is the serous membrane investing the testis and its appendages?

A

Visceral vaginal tunic

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13
Q

Which structure of the male reproductive tract is The serous membrane connecting the parietal and visceral layers of the vaginal tunic and forming the mesentery of the testis and its appendages. In the fetus the mesorchium suspends the testis from the dorsal abdominal wall and contains the testicular vessels and nerves?

A

Mesorchium

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14
Q

Which structure of the male reproductive tract is The potential cavity within the vaginal process between parietal and visceral vaginal tunics, continuous with the peritoneal cavity at the vaginal ring and containing sufficient fluid to allow friction free movement of the two layers?

A

Vaginal sac

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15
Q

Which structure of the male reproductive tract is The skin covering the terminations of the vaginal processes, in which the testes are situated?

A

Scrotum

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16
Q

The vaginal processes lie in subcutaneous positions enclosed in a layer of what?

What is it continuous with?

A

The vaginal processes lie in subcutaneous positions enclosed in a layer of spermatic fascia continuous at the superficial inguinal ring with the transversalis fascia and the external abdominal fascia.

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17
Q

After testicular descent into the vaginal process, what is greatly lengthened?

Where do they enter? What are they still housed in?

A

After testicular descent into the vaginal process the testicular vessels and nerves are greatly lengthened where they enter the spermatic cord but are still housed in the mesorchium suspended from the caudodorsal wall of the vaginal process.

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18
Q

Label the following

A
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19
Q

Define open surgical castration

A

The parietal vaginal tunic is incised, the testicle is exposed and removed.

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20
Q

Define closed surgical castration

A

The parietal vaginal tunic is NOT incised. A ligature(s) is applied around the vaginal tunic and the spermatic cord, the cord is transacted distal to the ligature

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21
Q

Define semi-closed/modified castration

A

The parietal vaginal tunic is incised, the testicle is exposed and removed using one of the methods outlined above. The parietal tunic is then sutured closed.

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22
Q

Name some indications for surgicla neutering

A
  • Elimination or reduction of male-like behaviour (…when will this be effective?)
  • Prevention of breeding?
  • Prevention of pregnancies (…when will this be effective?)
  • Treatment of conditions affecting the testes and scrotum
  • Treatment of conditions stimulated by male hormones (e.g. prostate disease)
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23
Q

What are some advantages for surgical neutering?

A
  • Prevention of some neoplasia
  • Prevention of testosterone-stimulated disease
  • Reduced male behaviour
  • An animal more suitable to live within a human household
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24
Q

Name some disadvantages for surgical neutering

A
  • Reduced male behaviour (important for guarding / performance dogs)
  • Delayed growth plate closure (if pre-pubertal neuter)
  • Low testosterone (concern if castrated late)
  • Increase risk of some neoplasia
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25
Q

Name some things we can do when we want to surgically neuter the male

A
  • Orchiectomy (orchidectomy or castration) – taking testicles
  • Vasectomy – if we want to demonstrate behaviour to pick up animals on heat for example
  • Crushing of spermatic cord
  • Inducing ischaemic necrosis of scrotum – crushing or ringing
  • (Injection of irritants into testis)
  • Used to be available – less acceptable now!
  • Inject in to testicles and they would atrophy – quite painful!
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26
Q

What is the pre-operative evaluation for surgical neutering?

A
  • Physical examination
  • Palpation of scrotum and inguinal canal
  • Suitability for anaesthesia
  • Age etc.
  • Tetanus prophylaxis (stallion / goat)
  • Pre-operative antimicrobial preparations?
  • Pre-operative analgesia
27
Q

What are 2 ways of CASTRATING?

A
  • Bloodless castration
  • Surgical castration
28
Q

What is bloodless castration?

A
29
Q

What does bloodless castration rely on?

A

Destroying or obstructing the blood supply to the testicle, causing atrophy

30
Q

Give 2 methods of bloodless castration

A

Rubber rings

Burdizzo

31
Q
A
32
Q

In the first 7 days of a calfs life, what castration can you use?

How cna it work?

A
  • Elastration in first 7 days
  • Induces ischaemic necrosis, care for flies and tetanus
33
Q

How should you perform a burdizzo castration technique in a calf?

A
  • Crushing (Burdizzo)
  • Pull testes down, push cord to side, apply to one cord to level of raphe, then other cord at different level
  • leave space in the middle for blood supply of scrotum
34
Q

According to the Protection of Animals (Anaesthetics) Act 1954, when do calves require anaesthesia to castrate and when is a veterinary surgeon required to do it?

When can rubber rings be used?

A

Calves:

  • Anaesthesia required if more than 2 months of age Veterinary surgeon required to do this
  • Rubber rings, or other devices to restrict the flow of blood to the scrotum, are only permitted without an anaesthetic in the first 7 days
35
Q

According to the Protection of Animals (Anaesthetics) Act 1954, when can rubber rings be used in lambs?

When is anaesthesia and a vet required to castrate a lamb?

A

Lambs:

  • Rubber rings or other devices to restrict blood flow are only permitted without an anaesthetic within first 7 days
  • Anaesthesia required if more than 3 months of age; veterinary surgeon required to do this
36
Q

What is the controversial thing about castrating lambs?

A

Most are slaughtered before puberty – so is there any point?! There is lots of variability and some rear lambs without having to castrate as if the growth rate is good, they should reach their weight before they become fertile!

37
Q

What is the most common method of castrating lambs?

A

‘Bloodless techniques’

  • Elastration in first 7 days
  • Crushing (Burdizzo) in first 7 days

Surgical castration is rarely performed

38
Q

Define surgical castration

A

The spermatic cord is transsected and the testicle is removed.

3 techniques exist - open, closed and modified

39
Q

When castrating the calf/bull - what are some things you should consider?

A
  • Age and size
  • Time of year
  • If summer and lots of flies – might want to use a bloodless one so flies cannot get to it and cause disease etc.!
  • Clean environment
  • Antibiotics (experience)
  • A lot do not get antibiotics these days.
  • NSAIDs
  • Exercise
  • Safety vet/handler/animal (sedation may be helpful)
40
Q

What are some ways we can perform an open technique of castration of the calf/bull?

A

Surgical castration

  • Open Technique by either:
  • Lateral incisions into each scrotum or removal of distal scrotum
  • Scalpel/Newberry knife
  • or ‘twisting’ for haemostasis

Emasculators often without ligation (goats, rams)

41
Q

What is the SOP for castration of calves (surgically)?

A
  • Restrain animal in a safe position (crush or 1 or 2-person restraint for smaller calves) for you and the animal.
  • Ask assistant to firmly lift the tail.
  • Scrub and disinfect the injection site (particularly for bloodless castration)
  • Administer local block using an 18g 1.5” needle, 10 ml syringe. Inject 1-5ml (dependent on size) of local anaesthetic under the skin (SC, only with surgical castration) and 1-5 ml (dependent on size) in both spermatic cords (for both bloodless and surgical castration). You can inject local anaesthetic straight in the testicle (instead of the sperm cords) but this is only preferred if the testicle is larger than a ‘small fist’ size. Wait minimal of 5 minutes before proceeding.
  • Provide NSAIDs
42
Q

What is the twisting method for castrating calves?

A
  • Pull the scrotum ventrally with one hand and remove the bottom 3rd of the scrotum using a scalpel or place your hand on the scrotum above testicles and make an incision through the scrotal skin of each testicle, and through the vaginal tunic.
  • Separate the vaginal tunic from the testicle by tearing the ligament attaching the vaginal tunic to the testicle. Push the remains of the vaginal tunic up the cord, dorsally away from the testis. Pull the testis down slightly: it will “give” about 1-2cm.
  • Clamp the cord above the bulk of the pampiniform plexus with the artery forceps at an angle of approximately 45’ to the cord. Twist the spermatic cord multiple times until the cord breaks. You can also use the testicle to twist the spermatic cord.
  • Possibly use an emasculator on larger calves (>3-6 months). Remember: ‘nut to nut’! Apply and hold on for a count of 60 seconds.
  • Remove tissue visible outside the scrotum and pull the scrotal edges down to help obscure any internal material.
43
Q

What are the most common methods of castrating horses?

A
44
Q

Who can castrate a horse?

A

Act of surgery so no one else is allowed to do it – different to farm animals

45
Q

What is arrowed in this image of a horse castration?

A

Epididymis

46
Q

When castrating a horse, why should you be careful when using an emasculinator?

A

Has crushing part and cutting part – so need to make sure they are the right way around! ‘nut to nut’

Not all emasculators have this function

Want to crush area above where you will cut – helps with haemostasis etc.

47
Q

When doing a transfixing ligature in a horse castration, how should you handle the stump after?

A

Transfixing ligature

Hold on to stump and let it gently pull back into scrotum, just so you can see there is no leakage there

Shouldn’t be pouring out

48
Q

How do you perform a CLOSED castration in the horse?

A

Closed castration

  • As for ‘open’ technique but the vaginal tunic is not opened
  • The subcutaneous tissue is pushed back with a dry swab
  • Transfixing sutures are normally placed through the tunic anchoring the vascular portion, and then applied circumferentially around the whole cord compressing the vas
  • The cord is emasculated as a whole
  • The skin is normally left open
49
Q

How do you perform a modified open castration of the horse?

A

Modified open castration

  • The procedure is performed as for an ‘open’ castration – but suture vaginal tunic, separate from the stump
  • After removal of the testis, rather then removing the tunic, it is twisted along its long axis, transfixed and then emasculated
  • The sub-cutaneous tissue may or may not be sutured closed
  • Skin may or may not be closed
50
Q

What are the benefits of open castration in the horse?

A

Open

  • Rapid, effective observation of vasculature, allows good drainage, may be useful when conditions likely to be contaminated, herniation risk increased
  • As soon as close vaginal tunic, if cleanliness hasn’t been up to scratch – better to leave open than it close it up!
51
Q

What are the benefits and negatives of closed castration in the horse?

A
  • Rapid, does not allow observation of vasculature but effective haemostasis if surgical field controlled, peritoneal contamination minimised, herniation risk reduced
  • If environment really dirty and unclean, could be more sure that there is no bacteria going in etc., especially if you are sure that you have been aseptic and clean during the surgery
  • Herniation – some species differences, e.g. would never open castrate a rodent due to their large inguinal canal and the likelihood of this herniating
52
Q

What are the benefits and negatives of modified castration in the horse?

A
  • More time consuming, allows good haemostasis and surgical closure but only if surgical conditions are guaranteed clean, herniation risk reduced (as closed vaginal tunic)
  • If just crushing spermatic cord, can put ligature around it – if vaginal tunic etc., trickier to crush properly – so bigger risk of this not crushing well – only more relevant when dealing with bigger animals
53
Q

How can castration of the dog be performed?

A

Surgical technique under general anaesthesia – usually a single mid-line incision but surgeon preference. Commonly performed as:

  • Modified (open then subsequently closed)
  • Closed – more often in smaller dogs
  • Open (but skin closed not left open as per horse, as wouldn’t want dog to be licking this all of the time! Also suturing techniques to close wound appropriately are easier to do in the dog than bigger animals)
54
Q

Describe briefly how to do a semi-closed/modified prescrotal canine castration

A
55
Q

Name some ways that we can do a surgical castration in the cat?

A

Surgical technique:

  • Open following twisting and traction
  • Open following ligation
  • Open following auto-ligation
  • Skin left open
  • Most common to do open castration in cats
56
Q

What are some common methods as to how to castrate rabbits, guinea pigs and ferrets?

A
57
Q

What castration techniques is essential in rodents and why?

A
  • Closed castration or Modified technique is essential
  • Rodents have an open inguinal canal and there is a significant risk of hernia
58
Q

Why is castration of piglets controversial?

When should a vet perform a castration?

A
  • Is castration required?
  • Most are slaughtered before puberty
  • Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations 2003: Castration after day 7 of life can only be performed by a veterinary surgeon
  • There’s a similar discussion with regards to lambs and if there is a need for castration – if we finish the pigs within 6 months, don’t actually need to castrate them! As boar taint doesn’t appear in this time! Not that its never necessary, but it might not be so necessary in intensive ones!
59
Q

Where can hidden testes be?

A

Hidden testes are either:

  • Intra-abdominal
  • Within the inguinal ring
  • In the femoral triangle
  • In an unusual position (lateral to anus, lateral flank) – but this is rare
60
Q

What are some appraoches to a cryptorchidectomy in different species?

A
  • For abdominal testes
  • Inguinal approach (equine)
  • Midline (reflecting penis) or paramedian laparotomy (most SA species)
  • A useful approach is to identify the vas deferens as they approach the prostate gland (usually best achieved by reflecting the bladder out through the abdominal incision and looking at the dorsal bladder neck
  • May be achieved laparoscopically
61
Q

How can you perform a Cryptorchidectomy for an inguinal testes?

A
  • Skin incision over inguinal ring
  • Blunt dissect – avoid external pudendal vein
  • Feel for testis / epididymis / gubernaculum / within canal
62
Q

How can you perform a Cryptorchidectomy to find the testicle for a testes in the femoral triangle?

A

May not be palpable – identify the vas deferens and follow this / tug on this and look to where the testis moves

63
Q

Explain briefly how you would perform a vasecotmy in the Ram, Hob, Billy Goat and Buck?

A

Ram, Hob, Billy goat, Buck

  • Local anaesthesia (or GA) over scrotal neck and spermatic cords
  • Incision at cranial aspect of each scrotum through skin, dartos, fascia (single cranial mid-scrotal incision also used by some veterinarians)
  • Bluntly dissect cord
  • Palpate vas as thick walled tube in non-vascular portion
  • Incise tunic
  • Pull out loop of vas
  • Two ligatures and remove segment between
  • Close skin

Small Animal Final Year (317 decks)

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