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small animal final year > Bone: Diagnostic Imaging > Flashcards

Bone: Diagnostic Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Is an MRI or a CT more expensive?

A

MRI

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2
Q

When is the “right” time to x-ray to obtain the best imaging result?

A

From those cases where clinical signs are severe or persistent/recurrent despite treatment

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3
Q

What 6 things are altered for a good x-ray?

A
  • Positioning
  • Centring
  • Collimation
  • Exposure/processing (darkness, contrast, resolution)
  • Labelling
  • Artefacts
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4
Q

What views are needed for a radiograph?

A
  • Take at least 2 views
  • ± contra-lateral limb for comparison
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5
Q

What can bone abnormalities be classified according to within the skeleton to help understand what is going on? Give 2 examples (3)

A

Distribution

–Only one/many bone(s) involved

–Involving just one bone region (e.G. Metaphyses) or generalised (all regions)

–Symmetrical or assymetrical

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6
Q

What 3 things do we comment on with the presence of lesions on radiogrpahs?

A
  • Number
  • Size
  • Shape
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7
Q

What 3 things do we comment on with the location of lesions on radiographs?

A
  • Bone
  • Region
  • Surface
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8
Q

What 2 things do we comment on with the presence of lesions on radiographs?

A
  • Radiopacity - bone production or lysis?
  • Margination
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9
Q

Label

A

a. Medullary cavity
b. Endosteum of cortex
c. Cortex
d. Periosteum surface

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10
Q

Label

A

A) Physis

B) Epiphysis

C) Metaphysis

D) Diaphysis

E) Metaphysis

F) Epiphysis

G) Physis

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11
Q

What is the term for bone loss?

A

Osteopenia

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12
Q

Osteopenia is always bad, but what are the 2 forms?

A
  • Reversible e.g. Disuse – reduce loading, but if you load again it will loose again
  • Irreversible e.g. Neoplasia
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13
Q

What is sclerosis?

A

Increased bone density

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14
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

Response to increased or abnormal loading

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15
Q

What can sclerosis be in response to? (2)

A

–Response of bone to wall-off ‘pathology’ e.g. infection, cyst

–Response to increased or abnormal loading: Wolff’s Law

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16
Q

Discuss this radiograph?

A

Hip dysplasia, cranial acetabulum edge increased opacity

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17
Q

Discuss this radiograph

A

Bone infection – surrounding has increased opacity

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18
Q

Name two things giving an appearance of new bone (3)

A
  • Superimposition of structures (bone or soft tissue)
  • Adjacent bone loss
  • Foreign material e.g. on coat
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19
Q

Name a cause of an appearance of bone loss on radiographs (2)

A
  • Gas, or defect in soft tissues
  • Mach lines – where 2 bones overlap (mimics hairline fractures)
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20
Q

Define an aggressive lesion

A

Rapid bony change = minimal time for bone to remodel. Appearance is disorganised

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21
Q

Define a non-aggressive lesion

A

Slow-growing, benign more chronic process – remodelling possible. More structured reaction.

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22
Q

What 6 things do we look at to assess appearance of lesions?

A
  • Bone destruction (lysis)
  • Periosteal reaction
  • Lytic edge character
  • Cortical disruption
  • Transition from normal to abnormal bone
  • Rate of change (10-14 days)
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23
Q

Label these bone lysis patterns

A

A) Geographic lysis - least aggressive

B) Geographic lysis - more aggressive

C) Moth eaten lysis

D) Permeative lysis

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24
Q

Label these periosteal reaction patterns

A

A) Solid

B) Lamellar (parallel)

C) Lamellated

D) Thick brush like

E) Thin bursh like

F) Sunburst

G) Amorphous bone production

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25
Q

If there is a varying degree of aggressivenes in a lesion, how would you analyse the aggressiveness?

A

Use the most aggressive aspect

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26
Q

How aggressive is degenerative joint disease?

A

Non-aggressive

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27
Q

How aggressive is neoplasia?

A

Aggressive if malignant, non-aggressive if benign

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28
Q

How aggressive is an infection?

A
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29
Q

Following radiographs, how can you confirm your diagnosis?

A

Usually requires a biopsy (FNA, incisional or excisional), and subsequent histopathological examination.

30
Q

Name a huge advantage of using a CT over x-ray (2)

A
  • Eliminate superimposition
  • 3D reconstruction
31
Q

What is an MRI good to use for imaging?

A

Soft tissue and joints

32
Q

How does scintography work?

A

increased uptake of radioisotope in regions of inflammation = non-specific.

33
Q

What is this?

A

Osteoarthritis

34
Q

Label what is seen in degenerative joint disease

A

A) Increased subchondral bone density

B) Free mineralised fragments

C) Osteophytes

35
Q

Label this image of degenerative joint disease.

A

A) Mild osteoarthiritis: roughended, thinning catilage

B) Severe osteoarthiritis: Thickened damaged bone with no covering cartilage

C) Thickened, infammed synovium

36
Q

Name 5 radiohraphic signs of degernative joint disease (7)

A

–Soft tissue swelling / joint effusion

–Changes in subchondral bone opacity

–Changes in joint space = Initially widens due to effusion, then narrows due to cartilage erosion

–Osteophyte formation = Form at chrondrosynovial junction, on non-weight-bearing surfaces

–Joint mice or osteochondral fragments within the joint cavity

–Joint subluxation (hip joint)

–Cyst formation (rare)

37
Q

Discuss what is seen here

A

Degenerative joint disease:

  • Soft tissue swelling
  • Some compression of infrapatellar fat pad
  • Osteophyte formation
  • Caudally at the joint= increased opacity
  • Fat ad usually goes into the joint and hear we have a joint effusion
38
Q

Where are the typical sites for osteophytes on the stifle?

A

–Proximal/distal patella

–Proximal trochlear ridge (femur)

–Both femoral epicondyles

–Fabellae

–Proximal tibia

39
Q

What are the typical locations for osteophytes on the elbow?

A

–Dorsal anconeal process (ulna) is the first place

–Cranial joint aspect

–Lateral epicondylar crest (humerus)

–Medial epicondyle (humerus)

–Medial coronoid process (ulna)

–Trochlear notch (ulna)

40
Q

What type of bone disease is metabolic bone disease?

A

Generalised - will be everywhere

41
Q

What radiographic changes are seen with metabolic bone disease? What is the exception?

A

•Usually a decrease in opacity = osteopenia loss of bone

(except VitA excess in cats (eating liver) – increased bone)

42
Q

Discuss this radiograph

A

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Lack of bone opacity

Thin cortices, and folding fracture

Bone isn’t opaque cf soft tissue

43
Q

What causes metabolic disease in reptiles?

A
  • Inappropriate feeding and/or husbandry
  • Imbalance of Ca, P, or Vit D in body
    • Usually too low dietary Ca or Vit D or excess P
44
Q

What is seen in a reptile with metabolic disease?

A
  • Lethargy, reluctance to move
  • Results in Osteopenia
  • Pathological fractures, folding fracture
45
Q

What do these pictures show?

A

Metaphyseal osteopathy

46
Q

What type of lesion is Metaphyseal osteopathy and where does it affect?

A

Localised lesion affecting multiple long bones

47
Q

What type of dogs does Metaphyseal osteopathy affect?

A

Young, medium-large breed dogs

48
Q

What early changes are seen with Metaphyseal osteopathy?

A

Radiolucent line adjacent to metaphyses

49
Q

What later changes are seen with Metaphyseal osteopathy?

A

Periosteal new bone formation and sclerosis

50
Q

What clinical signs are seen with Metaphyseal osteopathy?

A

Pain, (± pyrexic and systemically ill)

51
Q

What is this?

A

Hypertrophic osteopathy

52
Q

A) What is Hypertrophic osteopathy?

B) Which species?

C) Which bones are affected first?

D) What is it secondary to?

A

A Periosteal new bone formation, Soft tissue swelling, No joint involvement or bone destruction

B) All species, but commonest in dogs

C) Metacarpal / metatarsal bones affected first, but then spreads to other bones

D) To space-occupying lesion in thorax or abdomen.

53
Q

A) What can be seen?

B) Who is affected?

C) What is it?

D) Where is there a poorer prognosis?

A

A) Craniomandicular osteopathy

B) Young Westies and Scotties

C) Reactive periosteal new bone formation on mandible and ventral skull bones. Increased bone density

D) If it involves temporomandibular joint (TMJ) due to interference with joint movement

54
Q

What is this?

A

Panosteitis

55
Q

What is commonly seen in Panosteitis? Include radiographic changes

A
  • Shifting lameness in young growing dogs esp. GSD
  • May be polyostotic
  • Increased opacity of medullary canal – irregular, heterogenous
  • ‘Thumb prints’ (wont always see this)
  • Thickening of cortical bone
  • Often centered around nutrient foramina
  • Affects fore legs more commonly than hind legs
56
Q

How do you treat panosteitis?

A

Self limiting - make a full recovery

57
Q

What is this?

A

Immune-mediated polyarthritis

58
Q

What is seen with Immune-mediated polyarthritis?

A

Painful, stiff, depressed animal often with swollen joints and ligamentous laxity

  • Bony changes in erosive form only
  • Multiple lytic lesions, around and ‘crossing’ joints
  • Affects all joints, but changes most common / initially seen in carpi and hocks
59
Q

What does this show?

A

Bone cysts

60
Q

Bone cysts:

A) What is often seen?

B) What should be checked?

C) Where are the predilection sites?

A

A)

  • Degenerative or developmental
  • Often single, can be multiple
  • Usually oval/circular, and well marginated +/- sclerotic rim
  • Usually near joints

B) Check contra-lateral limb

C) Equine stifle and fetlock

61
Q

What is this?

A

Neoplasia

62
Q

What 2 things with fractures can cause ostepenia?

A
  • Disuse atrophy
  • Stress production
63
Q

Is this okay?

A

Yes, there is some osteopenia but this is from disuse

64
Q

Is this okay?

A

This is bad, there is a pathological fracture; been immobilised too much

65
Q

What is this?

A

Lost cortex of bone in CdCr joint

Pathological fracture

66
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A
  • Soft tissue swelling
  • Irregular periosteal reaction (often semi-aggressive)
  • Often more extensive than fracture callus. Callus is well structured.
67
Q

Label this.

Note it is from a horse with chornic discharge from site of previou sinus surgery.

A

A) Sequestrum (piece of dead bone)

B) Involucrum (new bone walling it off)

68
Q

What is this?

A

Bone cyst - non aggressive

69
Q

What is this?

A

Bone tumour and aggressive

70
Q
A

small animal final year (317 decks)

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