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Small Animal Final Year > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

Give 5 functions of the skin?

A

Protection

  • From water, toxins, mechanical trauma, UV light, microrganisms
  • From evaporation
  • From infection
  • Horns: from predators/sexual competitors

Production of glandular secretions

  • sebum, sweat, vit D, pheromones, milk

Sensory

Storage (fat)

Thermoregulation

Communication

  • (pheromones, visual, camouflage, aggression/reproduction)
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2
Q

Identify these organisms, found on cytology of the ear of a dog?

A

Malassezia sp

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3
Q

.What is the most common bacterial pathogen in the dog?

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

(previously Staphylococcus intermedius)

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4
Q

Where is the periople?

A

Band of soft rubbery horn over the perioplic dermis of the hoof, proximal to the coronary dermis (rubbery bit over top of coronary band)

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5
Q

To which group of drugs does prednisolone belong?

A

Glucocorticoids / corticosteroids

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6
Q

Name a single drug that is licensed for the treatment of both fleas and sarcoptic mange in dogs?

A

Selamectin and sarolaner

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7
Q

In bold highlight the main causes of skin disease?

A
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8
Q

Outline a brief clinical approach to derm case?

A
  • Signalment (computer record)
    • History
      • General health
      • Dermatological
  • Clinical examination
    • General
    • Dermatological

When you’ve done the above you are in position to make a ddx list

  • Differential diagnosis/ tentative diagnosis
  • Initial diagnostic tests as indicated, eg
    • Coat brushing
    • Skin scrapes
    • Skin cytology
    • Dermatophyte culture
    • Trichograms
    • Wood’s lamp examination

Diagnosis?

  • Yes: in a position to give prognosis and treatment
  • No:
    • Further investigations, eg
    • Blood tests
    • Skin biopsies
    • Microbial culture
    • Trial therapy, if indicated
    • Antimicrobial
    • Antiparasitic
    • (or empirical treatment if investigations declined?)
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9
Q

Why is age so important when considering signalment for derm cases?

A

<1yo: diseases associated with immunological immaturity (demodicosis, dermatophytosis, juvenile pyoderma), congenital defects

<3yo: Environmental Atopy, follicular dysplasias, keratinisation defects, histiocytomas (unusual neoplasm as occurs in young animals predominantly)

>6yo: hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, neoplasia, unlikely to be environmental

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10
Q

When taking a dermatological history what do you need to know?

A
  • Age animal acquired
  • Details of in-contact animals – skin problems?
  • Lesions on in-contact people?
  • How long owned Housing?
  • Management?
  • Travelled abroad?
  • Past dermatological history Onset of current problem – When?
  • Nature of lesions?
  • Areas of body affected?
  • Progression?
  • Seasonality?
  • Treatments given and response Flea control?
  • What and when?
  • Exposure to potential sources of infection
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11
Q

Outline a good dermatological exam?

A

Be thorough and systematic

  • Remember ears, interdigital spaces, claws, footpads, mucous membranes

Need

  • Good lighting
  • Adequate restraint (sedate if necessary)
  • Clip hair? (with permission!)
  • Identify and record lesions, lesion groupings
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12
Q

Describe this?

A

Lichenification, erythema, alopoecia, scaling and crusty. Bilaterally symmetrical.

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13
Q

Describe this?

A

Erythematous, hyperpigmented generalised effected neck ventral region and cranial caudal

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14
Q

Describe this?

A

Erosions and papules

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15
Q

Outline dermatological practical diagnostic techniques?

A
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16
Q

When do we use stained vs unstained acetate tape strip?

A

Unstained acetate tape strip: surface mites etc. ectoparasites

Stained: Looking for bacteria

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17
Q

What are the approximate sizes (µm) of

Malassezia

Staphylococcus bacterium

Cheyletiella mite

Corneocyte

Neutrophil?

A
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18
Q

With regards parasites which would each of the below investigative techniques be best for?

Coat brushings

Coat combings

Acetate tape unstained

Skin scrapins (superficial and deep)

Plucks

Biopsy

Earwax exam

A

Coat brushings: Flea dirts – wet paper test

Coat combings: Examine in liquid paraffin under coverslip. Eg. Cheyletiella (mites, eggs)

Acetate tape samples (unstained): Eg Cheyletiella (mites, eggs)

Skin scrapings Liquid paraffin (LP) or KOH/Under coverslip

Superficial: Cheyletiella. Sarcoptes scabiei

Deep: Demodex

Additional techniques for diagnosis of demodicosis: Plucks especially feet, Biopsy

Examination of ear wax in LP:Otodectes

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19
Q

What can a wood’s lamp detect?

A

Dermatophytosis

Many false negatives (only detects microsporum canis though)

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20
Q

If after you have taken a trichogram the distal tips are broken what is this suggestive of?

A

Self trauma

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21
Q

What do these two trichograms show?

A

Dermatophytosis

Hairs covered with spores, penetrated by hyphae (top)

Melanin clumping

colour dilution alopecia (bottom)

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22
Q

How do you differentiate between different stages of hair development?

A
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23
Q

When should you do skin biopsies?

A

To establish a definitive diagnosis that cannot be reached by other, less invasive, testing methods. We do it if:

  • Suspected neoplasm
  • Persistent ulceration/vesicular lesions
  • Skin disease unresponsive to rational treatment
  • Unusual or apparently serious disease, especially if animal unwell
  • Before using dangerous or expensive drugs
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24
Q

What are the basic structures in the skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
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25
Q

What are the layers in the epidermis (and in which order are they formed)? How do the cells change as they move towards the surface?

A

The basal layer

Spinous layer

Granular layer

Horny layer

Cells are called keratinocytes

They are polyhedral cells

They become flatter, anuclear, more keratinised,

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26
Q

How are the epidermal cells joined to each other?

A

Desmosomes (cell to cell) and hemi-desmosomes (cell to dermal proteins)

There are also tight junctions cell to cell

27
Q

Define primary and secondary lesions?

A

Primary lesions are physical changes in the skin considered to be caused directly by the disease process. Types of primary lesions are rarely specific to a single disease entity

Secondary lesions are those which evolve from primary lesions or develop as a consequence of the patient’s activities.

28
Q

Name some primary lesions?

A
29
Q

Name secondary lesions?

A
30
Q

Define a papule?

A
31
Q

Define a nodule?

A
32
Q

What is a macule?

A
33
Q

What is a patch?

A

A circumscribed area of discoloration, greater than 1 cm, which is neither elevated or depressed relative to the surrounding skin

34
Q

What is a vesicle?

A
35
Q

What is a bulla?

A

A large blister containing serous fluid. A large vesicle is called a bulla – over 1cm.

36
Q

What is an erosion?

A

An erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis, a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and usually depressed.

37
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

An ulcer is a sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, accompanied by the disintegration of tissue.Ulcers can result in complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis and even subcutaneous fat.

38
Q

What is scale?

A

Accumulation of loose fragments of the stratum corneum

39
Q

What is crusting?

A

Secondary lesion. Dried exudate, serum, blood, medications or excessive scale on the skin surface; often sequel to a pustule (lay term: “scab”)

40
Q

What is aconthosis?

A

diffuse epidermal hyperplasia (thickening of the skin). Acanthosis: increased depth of epidermis – more layers

41
Q

What is Hyperkeratosis?

A

Abnormal thickening of the outer layer of the skin. Hyperkeratosis: increased depth of cornified layer – more layers

42
Q

Names of major myiasis flies?

A

Warble flies

Bot flies

Sarcophagidae (flesh flies)

Caliphoridae (blow/bottle flies)

Muscadae (house flies)

43
Q

Names of the common nuisance flies affecting livestock and horses?

A

Muscidae: house, head, stable and horn flies

44
Q

How do you distinguish between sucking vs chewing (biting) lice?

A

Their head

Sucking lice have an almost pointy head

Chewing- very broad

45
Q

Name lice of different species?

A
46
Q

What feature(s) distinguish surface from deep mites?

A

The length of their legs

Surface: long legs, pointy and backward facing hairs

Burrowing: rounded with short legs, can tuck their legs inside themselves

47
Q

Name different mites that effect different species?

A
48
Q

Identify surface mites from pictures?

A
49
Q

Name some burrowing mites from pictures?

A
50
Q

How would you distinguish between Ixodes spp, Dermacentor spp and Rhipicephalus spp?

A

Rhipicephalus- festoons have an ungulated edge. It’s anal groove in a wine shaped Y, which makes it identifiable from dermacentor. It also has no patterns on its back

Ixodes: anal groove is IN FRONT of the anus – more rostral to the anus. Very plain

51
Q

Illustrate the defining features of Ixodes?

A
52
Q

Illustrate the identifying marks of dermacentor?

A
53
Q

What are the identifying marks of rhipicephalus?

A
54
Q

Which bacterium (genus and species) is the most common cause of canine skin infections? Is it Gram positive or Gram negative?

A

Staphylococcus pseudointermedius

Gram positive

55
Q

What are the common sites for staphylococcus and malassezia infection in dog?

A
56
Q

Name the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A
57
Q

Describe Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type 1:

  • Rapid (occurs within 1-3O mins)
  • IgE mediated
  • Allergens:
    • Pollen, mite faeces, flea saliva, food
    • e.g Atopic dermatitis, Asthma, Food allergy
58
Q

Describe type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Type 2:

  • Occurs within 5-10h
  • Antibody recognises self antigen on host cell or tissue
  • Autoimmune
  • e.g Haemolytic anaemia, myasthenia gravis, pemphigus
59
Q

Describe type 3 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Type 3:

  • Reaction maximal at ~4-8h
  • Immune mediate complex
  • Deposition of small antibody/antigen complexes which escape the normal route of clearance
  • e.g Lupus, nephritis, polyarthritis
60
Q

Describe type 4 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Type 4:

  • Occurs within 24-72h
  • T cell mediated
  • Involves dendritic cells and primed T cells
    • e.g SICCT
61
Q

Eosinophilic granuloma complex is described as a cutaneous reaction pattern in cats.

Eosinophilic plaque is one form of eosinophilic granuloma complex.

In what other forms does it occur?

A

Eosinophilic plaque

Raised, flat-topped erythematous plaques

Usually pruritic

Usually ventral abdomen/caudal thigh

Indolent ulcer (‘Rodent ulcer’)

Erosive/ulcerated lesion on mucocutaneous junction of upper lips

Unilateral/bilateral

Eosinophilic granuloma

Mainly caudal thighs, oral cavity, feet, but can occur anywhere. Occasional ‘fat chin’

Well-demarcated, solid, raised, erythematous plaques/nodules

Eroded or ulcerated surface

+/- exudation, crust

62
Q

What could this be?

A

Eosinophilic granuloma

Mainly caudal thighs, oral cavity, feet, but can occur anywhere. Occasional ‘fat chin’

Well-demarcated, solid, raised, erythematous plaques/nodules

Eroded or ulcerated surface

+/- exudation, crust

63
Q

What could this be on a cat?

A

Eosinophilic plaque

Raised, flat-topped erythematous plaques

Usually pruritic

Usually ventral abdomen/caudal thigh

64
Q

What could this be?

A

Indolent ulcer (‘Rodent ulcer’)

Erosive/ulcerated lesion on mucocutaneous junction of upper lips

Unilateral/bilateral

Rarely painful or pruritic

Small Animal Final Year (317 decks)

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