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Small Animal Final Year > Formative questions > Flashcards

Formative questions Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a common clinical finding in cats BECAUSE fluctuations in circulating catecholamines during respiration result in rhythmical changes in the heart rate?

  • True True Reason is a correct explanation
  • True True Reason is NOT a correct explanation
  • True False
  • False True
  • False False
A

False False

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2
Q

Taking ventro-dorsal radiographs of the thorax with the dog in dorsal recumbency, as shown, is recommended for getting radiographic images of the heart BECAUSE it places the heart closer to the radiographic plate?

  • True True Reason is a correct explanation
  • True True Reason is NOT a correct explanation
  • True False
  • False True
  • False False
A

False False

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3
Q

In congestive cardiac failure afterload tends to fall BECAUSE activity in the sympathetic nervous system and the presence of increased levels of circulating angiotensin II result in a generalised constriction of the arterioles.

  • True True Reason is a correct explanation
  • True True Reason is NOT a correct explanation
  • True False
  • False True
  • False False
A

False True

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4
Q

Which antibiotic is associated with the following:

A prohibited substance controlled by the British Horseracing Authority.

A. Procaine penicillin.

B. Neomycin.

C. Cefalexin monohydrate.

D. Oxytetracycline.

E. Amoxicylin/clavulanic acid.

F. Enrofloxacin.

G. Erythromycin.

H. Metronidazole.

I. Doxycycline.

J. Gentamycin.

K. Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine.

A

Procaine penicillin.

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5
Q

Which antibiotic is associated with the following:

May cause the development of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs.

A. Procaine penicillin.

B. Neomycin.

C. Cefalexin monohydrate.

D. Oxytetracycline.

E. Amoxicylin/clavulanic acid.

F. Enrofloxacin.

G. Erythromycin.

H. Metronidazole.

I. Doxycycline.

J. Gentamycin.

K. Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine.

A

Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine.

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6
Q

Which antibiotic is associated with the following:

Used in combination therapy to treat Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals.

A. Procaine penicillin.

B. Neomycin.

C. Cefalexin monohydrate.

D. Oxytetracycline.

E. Amoxicylin/clavulanic acid.

F. Enrofloxacin.

G. Erythromycin.

H. Metronidazole.

I. Doxycycline.

J. Gentamycin.

K. Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine.

A

Erythromycin.

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7
Q

Which antibiotic is associated with the following:

A good choice for treatment of Chlamydophyla felis requiring once daily dosing.

A. Procaine penicillin.

B. Neomycin.

C. Cefalexin monohydrate.

D. Oxytetracycline.

E. Amoxicylin/clavulanic acid.

F. Enrofloxacin.

G. Erythromycin.

H. Metronidazole.

I. Doxycycline.

J. Gentamycin.

K. Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine.

A

Doxycycline.

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8
Q

Which drug is best described by the following?

Most suitable treatment for a horse with atrial fibrillation of three weeks duration.

Digoxin.

Quinidine sulphate.

Propranolol.

Diltiazem.

Frusemide.

Spironolactone.

Lignocaine.

Sotalol.

Pimobendan.

Enrofloxacin.

A

Quinidine sulphate.

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9
Q

Which drug is best described by the following?

Most suitable treatment for heart rate control in a dog with fast atrial fibrillation secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy.

Digoxin.

Quinidine sulphate.

Propranolol.

Diltiazem.

Frusemide.

Spironolactone.

Lignocaine.

Sotalol.

Pimobendan.

Enrofloxacin.

A

Digoxin.

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10
Q

Which drug is best described by the following?

Most suitable treatment for a dog with a life threatening ventricular tachycardia.

Digoxin.

Quinidine sulphate.

Propranolol.

Diltiazem.

Frusemide.

Spironolactone.

Lignocaine.

Sotalol.

Pimobendan.

Enrofloxacin.

A

Lignocaine.

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11
Q

Which drug is best described by the following?

Mediates its therapeutic effect by inhibiting the actions of aldosterone.

Digoxin.

Quinidine sulphate.

Propranolol.

Diltiazem.

Frusemide.

Spironolactone.

Lignocaine.

Sotalol.

Pimobendan.

Enrofloxacin.

A

Spironolactone.

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12
Q

What ECG rhythm is this?

A

Sinus arrest

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13
Q

What is this ECG rhythm diagnosis?

A

Second degree atrioventricular heart block

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14
Q

What is this ECG rhythm diagnosis?

A

supraventricular tachycardia

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15
Q

What is this ECG rhythm diagnosis?

A

normal sinus rhythm

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16
Q

What would be the most useful diagnostic technique to undertake in a 12year old Golden Retriever showing signs of right sided congestive heart failure?

A

Echocardiography

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17
Q

Which of the following techniques is most likely to be successful in confirming a diagnosis of sinonasal aspergillosis in a dog?

Endonasal brushings.

Crush preparation from a nasal biopsy.

Blood test for fungal antigen.

Smear from nasal exudates.

Nasal wash.

A

Crush preparation from a nasal biopsy

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18
Q

The picture shows the view obtained on endoscoping a horse with a history of poor performance and inspiratory noise. What is the treatment of choice for this problem?

Surgical excision.

Laryngoplasty.

Neuromuscular pedicle graft.

Medical Management.

Arytenoidectomy.

A

Laryngoplasty.

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19
Q

Dental disease affecting which of the following teeth is most likely to be associated with bacterial infection in the rostral maxillary sinus?

Upper premolar 3.

Upper premolar 4.

Upper molar 2.

Upper premolar 2.

Upper molar 3.

A

Upper premolar 4.

20
Q

Which of the following treatments would be most suitable for treatment of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in a donkey?

Doramectin.

Levamisole.

Ivermectin.

Albendazole.

Fenbendazole.

A

Ivermectin

21
Q

Which of the following are NOT beneficial effects associated with the use of bronchodilators in dogs?

Improved diaphragmatic function.

Increased intrathoracic pressures.

Inhibition of mast cell degranulation.

Decrease tendency of larger airways to collapse.

Reduced spasm of lower airways.

A

Increased intrathoracic pressures.

22
Q

How long may Mycobacterium bovis survive on pasture?

A

6-8 weeks

23
Q

What advantage does the Bovigam (interferon gamma) test have for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis?

A

Higher sensitivity than intradermal tuberculin testing.

24
Q

Which of the following agents is responsible for the contagious bovine pleuropneumonia?

Mycoplasma capricolum.

Mycoplasma agalactiae.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Mycoplasma bovis.

Mycoplasma mycoides.

A

Mycoplasma mycoides.

25
Q

Which of the following parasites is most likely to be associated with tracheal nodules in dogs?

Crenosoma vulpis.

Dirofilaria immitis.

Oslerus osleri.

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus.

Angiostrongylus vasorum.

A

Oslerus osleri.

26
Q

Which of the following congenital cardiac defects is most likely to cause secondary polycythaemia?

Atrial septal defect.

Tetralogy of Fallot.

Left to right shunting patent ductus arteriosus.

Ventricular septal defect.

Mitral valve dysplasia.

A

Tetralogy of Fallot.

27
Q

Which of the following structures is NOT closely associated with the guttural pouch in horses?

Cranial nerve VIII.

Pharyngeal lymph nodes.

Cranial nerve X.

Cranial nerve IX.

Internal carotid artery.

Maxillary artery.

Cranial nerve VII.

A

Cranial nerve VIII.

28
Q

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of clenbuterol treatment in horses?

Muscle weakness

Laminitis

Bradycardia

Excessive sweating

Lethargy and depression

A

Excessive sweating

29
Q

Which of these would be the most appropriate for sedation of a cat with cardiomyopathy and a tachycardia?

Buprenorphine.

Propofol.

Medetomidine hydrochloride.

Ketamine and a benzodiazepine.

Acepromazine.

Low dose acepromazine and an opioid.

A

Low dose acepromazine and an opioid.

30
Q

Which congenital heart defect in dogs would you associate with a continuous machinery murmur?

Mitral dysplasia.

Pulmonic stenosis.

Ventricular septal defect.

Atrial stenosis.

Patent ductus arteriosus.

A

Patent ductus arteriosus.

31
Q

On a scale of 1-6 how would you grade a murmur described as: “very loud with a palpable thrill, inaudible with the stethoscope held above the chest wall”?

Grade 1.

Grade 5.

Grade 4.

Grade 2.

Grade 6.

Grade 3.

A

Grade 5

32
Q

In this plain lateral thoracic radiograph of a dog in left-sided cardiac failure, the lung fields are abnormally radio-opaque.

Which of the following lung patterns describes the principle pattern evident in the lung fields in this case?

Alveolar.

Interstitial.

Bronchial.

Vascular.

Complex.

A

Alveolar.

33
Q

An 11 year old Labrador presents with a history of exercise intolerance and noisy breathing, he now presents to you acutely dyspnoeic, very distressed and with noticeable stridor.
Select the most appropriate emergency therapy from these options.

Administer bronchodilator and oxygen therapy

Administer broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy, nebulisation and oxygen therapy

Administer a sedative and oxygen therapy

Administer oxygen therapy alone for at least 2 hours

Administer furosemide and oxygen therapy

A

Administer a sedative and oxygen therapy

34
Q

An 8 month old cavalier King Charles spaniel is presented to you with acute onset dyspnoea and crackles on thoracic auscultation. Thoracic radiographs show a patchy peripheral alveolar pattern and on haematology there is a mild eosinophilia and neutrophilia.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Pulmonary thromboembolism

Aspiration pneumonia

Angiostongylus vasorum infection

Infectious tracheobronchitis

Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia

A

Angiostongylus vasorum infection

35
Q

A 20 year old retired Cob lives out at pasture all year and has been stabled in a small barn with several other horses to have his feet trimmed. Twenty four hours later the horse is distressed, heart rate is 60BPM, respiratory rate is 32 breaths per minute with pronounced expiratory effort, rectal temperature is 37.7oC and on thoracic auscultation there are bilateral crackles and wheezes.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Infectious pleuropneumonia

Inflammatory airway disease

Lungworm infection

Equine influenza

Recurrent airway obstruction

A

Recurrent airway obstruction

36
Q

A seven-year old neutered male German Shepherd weighing 45kg is presented with a cough of 6 month duration. His appetite remains good; he appears generally bright although he does retch occasionally after coughing. The dog has access to a fenced garden and is walked in the local park twice daily, the owner reports that he is becoming more reluctant to go for walks and soon gets out of breath and this often sets off a bout of coughing. The dog is vaccinated annually.

On physical examination the dog is bright alert and responsive. There is mild dental calculus, the dog coughs when you palpate his trachea and lung sounds appear “harsh” on auscultation. Body condition score is 5/5; no other abnormalities are noted.

Construct a list of problems for this case.

A

Coughing (+ retching) Exercise intolerance Harsh lung sounds Tracheal sensitivity Obesity (dental calculus)

37
Q

Select three diagnostic tests which you would perform in order to reach a diagnosis in this case.

You must prioritise this list putting your first choice test at the top.

A
  • Chest radiography*
  • Thoracic ultrasound/echocardiography
  • Bronchoscopy +/- BAL for bacteriology/cytology
  • Routine haematology(and biochemistry)
  • Faecal exam for parasites
  • Thyroid panel (obesity)

Marking criteria; award 1 mark for each correct test to a maximum of 3, 1 additional mark for * top of the list, to a maximum of 4 marks in total

38
Q

Construct a list of the five most likely differential diagnoses for this case.

You should rank these conditions with the most likely at the top and least likely at the bottom of the list.

A
  • Chronic bronchitis*
  • Eosinophilic bronchopneumonia (PIE)*
  • Infectious bronchopeumonia- bacterial, viral
  • Parasitic - Angiostrongylus, Oslerus, Crenosoma
  • Infectious bronchopneumonia-fungal
  • Inhalation secondary to other disease (e.g. Megoesophagus - less likely in obese dog)
  • Foreign body
  • Neoplasia- other mass lesion

Marking criteria: award 1 mark for each correct diagnosis to a maximum of 5 marks, 1 additional mark if either * is at the top of the list, to a maximum of 6 marks in total

39
Q

You decide to take radiographs of the dog’s chest. Plain lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs are shown. Write a concise report on these.

A
  • Positioning good.
  • Exposure: lung fields slightly over exposed in lateral with loss of contrast in the ventral area. DV exposure good.
  • Collimation-slightly over collimated as have lost some of the caudal lung fields
  • Conscious radiographs, but despite this, both radiographs are inspiratory and flattened diaphragm in both views
  • Heart normal size and shape
  • Diffuse marked bronchial lung pattern which has become interstitial and then in some places alveolar pattern has developed (mixed)
  • Pulmonary vasculature is prominent but arteries and veins similar size and not dilated.

Marking criteria: award 1 mark for each valid point to a maximum of 5 marks in total

40
Q

You are called to examine a group of 34 Hereford cross Fr/H cattle in early September. The animals are nearly 12 months old and are being reared for beef. They have been on the same pasture for the last two months. The owner reports that one or two animals started coughing a few weeks ago. The number affected and the severity of signs has increased over the last 3-4 days. The animals worst affected have been seen standing with head extended and tongue protruding.

What are your three main diferential diagnoses?

Ensure you prioritise your list with the most likely at the top.

A
  • Lungworm*
  • IBR
  • Fog Fever
  • Bacterial pneumonia

Marking criteria: award 1 mark for each correct diagnoses to a maximum of 3, award 1 extra mark for * at the top of the list, to a maximum of 4 marks in total

41
Q

What four additional questions would you like to ask the farmer to assist with your diagnosis?

A
  • Have the animals been vaccinated (IBR or lungworm)?
  • Have the animals been wormed and if so, when and what with/when were the animals last wormed?
  • Were young stock/cattle grazed on this pasture last yeat?
  • Have you brought in any animals/any animals with similar clinical signs?
  • Have you seen any similar cases before on the farm?
  • Any other valid point

Marking criteria: 1 mark for each question to a maximum of 4 marks in total. 1 negative mark for an incorrect question to a maximum of 1 negative mark in total.

42
Q

You are called to examine a group of 34 Hereford cross Fr/H cattle in early September. The animals are nearly 12 months old and are being reared for beef. They have been on the same pasture for the last two months. The owner reports that one or two animals started coughing a few weeks ago. The number affected and the severity of signs has increased over the last 3-4 days. The animals worst affected have been seen standing with head extended and tongue protruding.

One of the animals is so severely affected that you deem euthanasia is necessary. At post mortem examination the lungs have the appearance seen in the image.

A

Disease: lungworm
Organism: Dictyocaulus vivaparus
Marking criteria: 1 mark for disease and 1 marks for organism to a maximum of 2 marks in total.

43
Q

A 7-year-old Hanovarian mare presented with a 3 week history of intermittent lethargy. The owner commented that the mare was most often depressed late in the afternoon. Generally, by the following morning, the horse appeared bright, alert and responsive. A moderate mucopurulent nasal discharge had been seen after light exercise. The horse was used for eventing and five weeks prior to presentation she had been competing at an event in central Europe.

The mare is reluctant to trot out; when standing in the yard she appears to have her elbows abducted and is pointing the left forelimb. Auscultation of the lung fields is generally unremarkable, but there is an absence of respiratory sounds ventrally. Heart sounds are normal but radiate widely.

Rectal temperature was 39.4°C. Heart rate was 50 bpm. Respiratory rate, 20 breaths per minute.

What other technique may you wish to perform as part of your clinical presentation?

A

Percussion of lung fields.
Maximum 1 mark in total

44
Q

What are the main differential diagnoses for this case?

You must list your top diagnosis at the top of your list.

A
  • Pleuropneumonia*
  • Pneumonia
  • Thoracic neoplasia
  • Pericarditis

Marking criteria: 1 mark for each correct diagnosis to a maximum of 3 marks, 1 additional mark for * at top of the list, to a maximum of 4 marks in total

45
Q

A 7-year-old Hanovarian mare presented with a 3 week history of intermittent lethargy. The owner commented that the mare was most often depressed late in the afternoon. Generally, by the following morning, the horse appeared bright, alert and responsive. A moderate mucopurulent nasal discharge had been seen after light exercise. The horse was used for eventing and five weeks prior to presentation she had been competing at an event in central Europe.
The mare is reluctant to trot out; when standing in the yard she appears to have her elbows abducted and is pointing the left forelimb.
Auscultation of the lung fields is generally unremarkable, but there is an absence of respiratory sounds ventrally. Heart sounds are normal but radiate widely.
Rectal temperature was 39.4°C. Heart rate was 50 bpm. Respiratory rate, 20 breaths per minute.

You suspect the mare is suffering from pleuropneumonia.

List three diagnostic tests that you wish to perform to help you diagnose and manage the case.

A
  • Ultrasound of thorax
  • Thoraic radiography
  • Transtracheal aspirate
  • Thoracocentesis
  • 1 mark for each of the above.
  • Haematology for e.g. neutrophillia
  • Biochemistry for e.g. hyperfibrinogenaemia, hypoalbuminaemia

Marking criteria: 1 mark for specific test, 0.5 mark if no detail. To a maximum of 3 marks in total.

46
Q

Assuming that pleuropneumonia is confirmed,

What advise will you give the owner regarding the prognosis and case managment?

A
  • Treatment will be lengthy and costly
  • May require surgical management if severe
  • Prognosis guarded depending on severity of disease

Marking criteria: award 1 mark for each relevant point to a maximum of 2 marks in total

Small Animal Final Year (317 decks)

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