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Dental Microbiology > Lec 5-2 Blood Groups, Transfusions, Transplants > Flashcards

Lec 5-2 Blood Groups, Transfusions, Transplants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

antigens for blood groups are characterized by their different blank

A

carb moieties

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2
Q

abo and h systems have separate blank so are independent

A

loci

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3
Q

h genes code for blank

A

fucosyl transferase

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4
Q

abo blood groups depend on the addition to the blank by certain enzymes

A

chain

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5
Q

A antigen adds blank to the chain

A

NAG

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6
Q

B antigen adds a terminal blank to the chain

A

galactose

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7
Q

o gene adds this to the chain

A

nothing

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8
Q

o antigen is defined by the absence of blank at the end of the chain

A

sugar moiety

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9
Q

ab blood group has these antigens on erythrocytes

A

A and B

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10
Q

most immunogenic Rh blood group

A

D

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11
Q

Rh positive has this antigen

A

D

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12
Q

Rh negative has blank

A

little d

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13
Q

transfusion of incompatible blood

A

hemolysis

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14
Q

graft from same individual

A

autograft

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15
Q

graft from genetically identical individual

A

isograft

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16
Q

graft from a different species

A

xenograft

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17
Q

first set rejection takes blank than second set rejection due to a second exposure to foreign tissue

A

longer

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18
Q

autograft acceptance first step

A

revascularization

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19
Q

first set rejection for graft has blank but then blank occurs after immune cells invade

A

revascularization, necrosis

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20
Q

graft rejection is mediated by blank not blank

A

t cells, antibodies

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21
Q

need blank t cells for graft rejection

A

cd4 AND cd8

22
Q

the histocompatibility is primarily determined by the blank

A

mhc locus

23
Q

there are more/less antigens involved in tissue transplant than blood transfusion

A

more

24
Q

ABO, HLA, MLR, and minor histocompatibility loci are all types of blank

A

tissue typing

25
Q

HLA tissue typing is done two ways

A

find genes that are there, find protein products there

26
Q

to find protein products of HLA

A

microcytotoxicity test

27
Q

to find genes that are there in HLA tissue typing

A

molecular methods

28
Q

tissue typing that takes two sets of lymphocytes and see if they fight each other or get along

A

MLR

29
Q

even if a fully mhc compatible donor isnt found, blank may still be possible

A

transplantation

30
Q

more blank in MLR means more incompatibility

A

proliferation

31
Q

MLR is good because we can actually see the interaction of the t cells but the problem is this

A

it takes a few days which is often too long

32
Q

matching class blank HLA is more important than matching class blank

A

2, 1

33
Q

tissue typing is more/less important for liver and heart transplants compared to kidney and bone marrow transplants

A

less

34
Q

transplants that don’t need to be matched at all

A

corneal

35
Q

if there are 1 or 2 mismatches in class 1, this happens

A

graft survives

36
Q

if there are 1 or 2 mismatches in class 2, this happens

A

graft rejected

37
Q

if there are 3 or 4 mismatches in class 1, this happens

A

graft rejected

38
Q

rejection before vascularization

A

hyperacute rejection

39
Q

rejection within 10 days

A

acute

40
Q

rejection after months or years

A

chronic

41
Q

chronic rejection occurs via these cells

A

humoral and cell mediated immunological memory

42
Q

two stages of rejection

A

sensitization, effector

43
Q

sensitization stage is when t cells begin to recognize blank

A

alloantigens

44
Q

effector stage is when these get involved

A

cell mediated, delayed type hyeprsensitivity, humoral, cytokines

45
Q

this is usually needed to downregulate the immune system so a graft is accepted

A

immunosuppressive therapy

46
Q

this immunosupressant blocks tcr signaling and is for heart, liver, kidney transplants

A

cyclosporin A

47
Q

this immunosupressant is used but is very specific

A

monoclonal antibodies

48
Q

bone marrow transplants are mostly used for

A

malignancies in blood

49
Q

bone marrow rejections are usually due to this

A

graft versus host disease where graft actually rejects the host

50
Q

sites that fail to induce an immune response because they are separated from the immune system like the cornea

A

immunologically privileged sites

51
Q

hemolysis involves these during rejection

A

clotting factors, complement factors

Dental Microbiology (47 decks)

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