Lec 5-2 Blood Groups, Transfusions, Transplants Flashcards
antigens for blood groups are characterized by their different blank
carb moieties
abo and h systems have separate blank so are independent
loci
h genes code for blank
fucosyl transferase
abo blood groups depend on the addition to the blank by certain enzymes
chain
A antigen adds blank to the chain
NAG
B antigen adds a terminal blank to the chain
galactose
o gene adds this to the chain
nothing
o antigen is defined by the absence of blank at the end of the chain
sugar moiety
ab blood group has these antigens on erythrocytes
A and B
most immunogenic Rh blood group
D
Rh positive has this antigen
D
Rh negative has blank
little d
transfusion of incompatible blood
hemolysis
graft from same individual
autograft
graft from genetically identical individual
isograft
graft from a different species
xenograft
first set rejection takes blank than second set rejection due to a second exposure to foreign tissue
longer
autograft acceptance first step
revascularization
first set rejection for graft has blank but then blank occurs after immune cells invade
revascularization, necrosis
graft rejection is mediated by blank not blank
t cells, antibodies
need blank t cells for graft rejection
cd4 AND cd8
the histocompatibility is primarily determined by the blank
mhc locus
there are more/less antigens involved in tissue transplant than blood transfusion
more
ABO, HLA, MLR, and minor histocompatibility loci are all types of blank
tissue typing
HLA tissue typing is done two ways
find genes that are there, find protein products there
to find protein products of HLA
microcytotoxicity test
to find genes that are there in HLA tissue typing
molecular methods
tissue typing that takes two sets of lymphocytes and see if they fight each other or get along
MLR
even if a fully mhc compatible donor isnt found, blank may still be possible
transplantation
more blank in MLR means more incompatibility
proliferation
MLR is good because we can actually see the interaction of the t cells but the problem is this
it takes a few days which is often too long
matching class blank HLA is more important than matching class blank
2, 1
tissue typing is more/less important for liver and heart transplants compared to kidney and bone marrow transplants
less
transplants that don’t need to be matched at all
corneal
if there are 1 or 2 mismatches in class 1, this happens
graft survives
if there are 1 or 2 mismatches in class 2, this happens
graft rejected
if there are 3 or 4 mismatches in class 1, this happens
graft rejected
rejection before vascularization
hyperacute rejection
rejection within 10 days
acute
rejection after months or years
chronic
chronic rejection occurs via these cells
humoral and cell mediated immunological memory
two stages of rejection
sensitization, effector
sensitization stage is when t cells begin to recognize blank
alloantigens
effector stage is when these get involved
cell mediated, delayed type hyeprsensitivity, humoral, cytokines
this is usually needed to downregulate the immune system so a graft is accepted
immunosuppressive therapy
this immunosupressant blocks tcr signaling and is for heart, liver, kidney transplants
cyclosporin A
this immunosupressant is used but is very specific
monoclonal antibodies
bone marrow transplants are mostly used for
malignancies in blood
bone marrow rejections are usually due to this
graft versus host disease where graft actually rejects the host
sites that fail to induce an immune response because they are separated from the immune system like the cornea
immunologically privileged sites
hemolysis involves these during rejection
clotting factors, complement factors
