Human disease L34: oncology 2 - oncogenesis, grading, staging and treatment Flashcards
what do carcinogenic agents induce in our cells
mutations
which viruses are carcinogenic
epstein barr virus
influenza
zika virus
covid 19
human papiloma virus
epstein barr virus
human papiloma virus
which virus is known as the human herpes virus
epstein-barr virus
which carcinogen causes mesothelioma
asbestos
which virus is implicated in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Epstein Barr Virus
which virus is associated with cervical cancers
Human papilloma virus
the most poorly differentiated cancers are graded at
grade 4
cancer staging is done through recording a TNM
what does the TNM stand for
T = Tumour (how big the tumor is)
N = Nodes (how many nodes present in)
M = Metastases
presenting features of cancer can be categorized as what two effects
local and systemic effects
what are the terms given for these presenting features of cancer asscoiated with cancer
blood in urine
blood in stool
blood in sputum
blood in urine = hematuria
blood in stool = hematochezia (fresh blood) hematomelena (upper gi)
blood in sputum = hemoptysis
what is the name of the disorder where you are “wasting away”
cachexia
cancer can be diagnosed through blood tests, what would you be looking for in these blood tests
tumor specfic markers
why are hormones used in treatment for cancer
Hormone therapy is used to treat cancers that use hormones to grow, such as some prostate and breast cancers. Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that slows or stops the growth of cancer that uses hormones to grow. Hormone therapy is also called hormonal therapy, hormone treatment, or endocrine therapy
what is immunotherapy for cancer
Cancer immunotherapy is the artificial stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving on the immune system’s natural ability to fight the disease.
if you are recieving chemotherapy for hematological cancer, who would be delivering the treatment
if you are recieving chemotherapy for solid tumours, who would be delivering the treatment
hematological cancer = haematology
solid tumours = oncology
chemotherapy can be given as a curative or palliative intent what does this mean
curative intent means, the aim of cure for that patient
palliative intent means, not the intent to cure but to control and reduce the cancer
chemotherapy can be given as a “neoadjuvant”. what does this mean
chemotherapy is given in a neoadjuvant way to downstage (shrink down) a cancer prior to surgery
if chemotherapy is given adjuvant what does that mean?
it means chemotherapy has been given after surgery
in terms of side affects chemotherapy affects rapidly dividing cells, which is commonly our bone marrow, what side effectswould you expect to see?
the bone marrows produce allot of blood cells, so you would expect to see a reduction white cell count.
risk of neutropenic sepsis at nadirs of white cell count
bleeding risk of thrombocytopenia
anaemia contributes to fatigue
if you are neutropenic, what must your white blood cell count be below
0.5
a common side effect of chemotherapy is mucositis, what is this
Mucositis is when your mouth or gut is sore and inflamed.
what is chemoradiation
it is a combination of chemo and radio therapy
radiotherapy can be used in curative treatment such as neoadjuvant or adjuvant. can it be used as palliation
yes it can
radiotherapy side effects depends on where radiotherapy is directed and which normal tissues are hit
which side effects would be observed for the below
GI tract
Head
Bladder
Salivary Glands
Oral Mucosa
GI tract - Diarrhoea
Head - Hair Loss
Bladder - radiation cystitis
Salivary Glands - Xerostomia
Oral Mucosa - Mucositis
which hormone drives breast cancer
oestrogen
which hormone drives prostrate cancer
testosterone
drugs ending with ibs and abs are used for which type of cancer treatment
immunotherapy
which cancers are screened for in the UK
breast, cervical and colorectal
which blood cell counts are affected by by chemotherapy
all of them
who can you consult to check if it is safe to perform dental treatment on your patient having chemo or radiotherapy
the patient’s oncologist who is directing therapy
immunotherapy is inclreasingly used in cancer treatment regimens true or false
true
