Human disease L34: oncology 2 - oncogenesis, grading, staging and treatment

Question 1

what do carcinogenic agents induce in our cells

Answer 1

mutations

Question 2

which viruses are carcinogenic

epstein barr virus

influenza

zika virus

covid 19

human papiloma virus

Answer 2

epstein barr virus

human papiloma virus

Question 3

which virus is known as the human herpes virus

Answer 3

epstein-barr virus

Question 4

which carcinogen causes mesothelioma

Answer 4

asbestos

Question 5

which virus is implicated in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Answer 5

Epstein Barr Virus

Question 6

which virus is associated with cervical cancers

Answer 6

Human papilloma virus

Question 7

the most poorly differentiated cancers are graded at

Answer 7

grade 4

Question 8

cancer staging is done through recording a TNM

what does the TNM stand for

Answer 8

T = Tumour (how big the tumor is)

N = Nodes (how many nodes present in)

M = Metastases

Question 9

presenting features of cancer can be categorized as what two effects

Answer 9

local and systemic effects

Question 10

what are the terms given for these presenting features of cancer asscoiated with cancer

blood in urine

blood in stool

blood in sputum

Answer 10

blood in urine = hematuria

blood in stool = hematochezia (fresh blood) hematomelena (upper gi)

blood in sputum = hemoptysis

Question 11

what is the name of the disorder where you are “wasting away”

Answer 11

cachexia

Question 12

cancer can be diagnosed through blood tests, what would you be looking for in these blood tests

Answer 12

tumor specfic markers

Question 13

why are hormones used in treatment for cancer

Answer 13

Hormone therapy is used to treat cancers that use hormones to grow, such as some prostate and breast cancers. Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that slows or stops the growth of cancer that uses hormones to grow. Hormone therapy is also called hormonal therapy, hormone treatment, or endocrine therapy

Question 14

what is immunotherapy for cancer

Answer 14

Cancer immunotherapy is the artificial stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving on the immune system’s natural ability to fight the disease.

Question 15

if you are recieving chemotherapy for hematological cancer, who would be delivering the treatment

if you are recieving chemotherapy for solid tumours, who would be delivering the treatment

Answer 15

hematological cancer = haematology

solid tumours = oncology

Question 16

chemotherapy can be given as a curative or palliative intent what does this mean

Answer 16

curative intent means, the aim of cure for that patient

palliative intent means, not the intent to cure but to control and reduce the cancer

Question 17

chemotherapy can be given as a “neoadjuvant”. what does this mean

Answer 17

chemotherapy is given in a neoadjuvant way to downstage (shrink down) a cancer prior to surgery

Question 18

if chemotherapy is given adjuvant what does that mean?

Answer 18

it means chemotherapy has been given after surgery

Question 19

in terms of side affects chemotherapy affects rapidly dividing cells, which is commonly our bone marrow, what side effectswould you expect to see?

Answer 19

the bone marrows produce allot of blood cells, so you would expect to see a reduction white cell count.

risk of neutropenic sepsis at nadirs of white cell count

bleeding risk of thrombocytopenia

anaemia contributes to fatigue

Question 20

if you are neutropenic, what must your white blood cell count be below

Answer 20

0.5

Question 21

a common side effect of chemotherapy is mucositis, what is this

Answer 21

Mucositis is when your mouth or gut is sore and inflamed.

Question 22

what is chemoradiation

Answer 22

it is a combination of chemo and radio therapy

Question 23

radiotherapy can be used in curative treatment such as neoadjuvant or adjuvant. can it be used as palliation

Answer 23

yes it can

Question 24

radiotherapy side effects depends on where radiotherapy is directed and which normal tissues are hit

which side effects would be observed for the below

GI tract

Head

Bladder

Salivary Glands

Oral Mucosa

Answer 24

GI tract - Diarrhoea

Head - Hair Loss

Bladder - radiation cystitis

Salivary Glands - Xerostomia

Oral Mucosa - Mucositis

Question 25

which hormone drives breast cancer

Answer 25

oestrogen

Question 26

which hormone drives prostrate cancer

Answer 26

testosterone

Question 27

drugs ending with ibs and abs are used for which type of cancer treatment

Answer 27

immunotherapy

Question 28

which cancers are screened for in the UK

Answer 28

breast, cervical and colorectal

Question 29

which blood cell counts are affected by by chemotherapy

Answer 29

all of them

Question 30

who can you consult to check if it is safe to perform dental treatment on your patient having chemo or radiotherapy

Answer 30

the patient’s oncologist who is directing therapy

Question 31

immunotherapy is inclreasingly used in cancer treatment regimens true or false

Answer 31

true