Human disease L17: Neurology 4 headache and CNS infections Flashcards
headaches are characterised, as either primary or secondary, which headace cause significant daily pain and disability, they are not dangerous from a physiological point of view.
primary headaches
headaches are characterised, as either primary or secondary, which headaches are caused by an underlying disease, like an infection, head injury, vascular disorders, brain bleed or tumors.
secondary headaches
which type of headache is associated with an underlying condition in the brain
secondary headaches
headaches that trigger red flags are based certain factors such as the sudden onset of a headache.
why does the development of a sudden onset compared to a gradual build up to a headache trigger a red flag?
a sudden onset could indicate that damage has been done to the head such as an injury or even a stroke.
which type of stroke is caused by bleeding into the space surrounding the brain.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
SAH can be caused by a ruptured aneurysm, AVM, or head injury. One-third of patients will survive with good recovery; one-third will survive with a disability; and one-third will die.
which one of these is not a feature of raised intracranial pressure
whilst lying down
worse on positional change
strain
present on walking
nausea and vommiting
whilst lying down
if you exhibit focal neurology why is that considered a red flag
A focal neurologic deficit is a problem with nerve, spinal cord, or brain function.
It affects a specific location, such as the left side of the face, right arm, or even a small area such as the tongue.
Speech, vision, and hearing problems are also considered focal neurological deficits.
what is meningism
Meningism is the clinical syndrome of headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia, often with nausea and vomiting.
headaches are characterised, as either primary or secondary, which category does these type of headaches fall in to
tension headache
migraine
cluster headache
medication overuse headache
trigeminal neuralgia
primary headache
which of the primary headache disorders is referred to as having a tight band around your head
tension headaches
which primary headache occurs when the neck and scalp muscles become tense or contract.
The muscle contractions can be a response to stress, depression, head injury, or anxiety. They may occur at any age, but are most common in adults and older teens
Tension headaches
which of the primary headache disorders feel like a throbbing headache, usually on 1 side of the head.
Other symptoms include feeling sick and sensitivity to light.
migraine
which of the primary headache disorders symptoms include excruciating attacks of pain in one side of the head, often felt around the eye
cluster headaches
a pateint comes to your practice and complains about having a headache which feels like a tight band across his head.
the area of the head where the pain is present, is symmetrical
the patent describes that his been having this type of headache for a long time now and there is a gradual onset of it and its usually worse towards the end of day. he mentions that his under immense stress
what type of headache does the patient have and how would you treat it.
patient has tension headaches
treatment options would be conventional analgesia
prolonged reduction in cerebral blood flow, following a brief spell of increased flow, can result in what type of primary headache
migraine
which type of primary headaches have a bilateral manifestation
tension headaches
what would be the treatment options for migraine for both pain and other features of migrane
conventional analgesia
serotonin antagonist - for nausea and vomiting
which type of primary headache has unilateral manifestations
migraine and cluster headache
for which primary headache would you take sumatriptan injections or zolmitriplan nasal spray for
cluster headaches
sumatriptan injections and zolmitriplan nasal spray are used for the treatment of cluster headaches, which other treatment method is considered the best alternative to this.
Oxygen therapy is one of the best treatments to stop a cluster headache.
CNS tumours can cause increased intracranial pressure, will this result in a primary or secondary headache
secondary headache
is where the arteries, particularly those at the side of the head (the temples), become inflamed. It’s serious and needs urgent treatment.
which condition is being described
Giant cell arteritis
also known as temporal arteritis
clinical features of which condition include:
headache, scalp tenderness, loss of temporal artery pulse
jaw claudication
visual disturbance
shoulder and pelvic girdle pain and stiffness
giant cell arteritis
which medication would you take to treat giant cell arteritis
Prednisone is a glucocorticoid medication mostly used to suppress the immune system and decrease inflammation
is a common eye condition where the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain, becomes damaged. It’s usually caused by fluid building up in the front part of the eye, which increases pressure inside the eye.
which condition is being described
glaucoma
what causes high eye pressure
The cause of elevated eye pressure, known as ocular hypertension, is an imbalance in production and drainage of aqueous humor, the fluid inside your eye. Pressure builds as the eye creates new fluid and the channels which normally drain the aqueous humor become obstructed or damaged
what is aqueous humour
Aqueous humour is a thin, watery fluid produced by the eye, it is in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea. and, in a healthy eye, it’s in a constant cycle of production and drainage.
what is the treatment option for acute glaucoma
urgent opthalmology referral
what condition doubles your odds of developing glaucoma
diabetes
is an infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
which condition is being described
meningitis
meningitis is often caused by bacterial infection, what is the name of the bacteria that is responsible for infection in infants, adolescents, and young adults.
Neisseria meningitidis
meningitis is often caused by bacterial infection, what is the name of the bacteria that is responsible for infection in babies and elderly
streptococcus pneumoniae
meningitis is often caused by bacterial infection, what is the name of the bacteria that is responsible for infection in babies and infants
haemophilus influenzae
these associated features are associated with which condition
headache
photophobia
neck stiffness and pain
impaired consciousness
fever
nausea and vomiting
+ / - rash
bacterial meningitis
bacterial meningitis is diagnosed with the testing of spinal fluid, how would you collect spinal fluid
via a lumbar puncture
what is Empiric antimicrobial therapy
Empiric antimicrobial therapy is directed against an anticipated and likely cause of infectious disease. It is used when antimicrobials are given to a person before the specific bacterium or fungus causing an infection is known.
what refers to the functional tissue in the brain that is made up of the two types of brain cell, neurons and glial cells.
the brain parenchyma
what is the name of the condition, where there is inflmmation of the brain parenchyma
encephalitis
encephalitis is commonly a result of viral infection, which two viruses are responsible for this condition
herpes simplex and varicella zoster
what three diagnostic methods help diagnosis encephalitis
lumbar puncture
MRI
EEG - electrocephalogram
