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5th year final - all cards combined > 4D 1.4 hormonal control > Flashcards

4D 1.4 hormonal control Flashcards

1
Q

Q1 what are the 4 types of extracellular communication

A

Paracrine secretion

Neurotransmitter secretion

Hormonal secretion

Neurohormone secretion

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2
Q

Q2 what is a hormone

A

Hormone: a chemical mediator that is secreted by an endocrine tissue or gland into the blood, which transports it to its target cells

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3
Q

Q3 what is the difference between paracrine and endocrine actions

A

Paracrine: describes hormone action where hormones are released from cells and bind to receptor on nearby cells and affects their function.

Endocrine responses are slow and long because the hormone needs to be filtered out of the blood before it can take effect.

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4
Q

Q4 which hormones are responsible for regulating metabolism, water and electrolyte balance

A

Vasopressin and aldosterone

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5
Q

Q5 which hormone is responsible for regulation of nutrient supply

A

Insulin, glucagon, and glucocorticoid, play important roles in controlling the rate of protein degradation and, therefore, the rate of glucose production by the liver

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6
Q

Q6 which hormone is responsible for inducing adaptive changes to help the body cope with stressful situations.

A

Adrenaline and cortisol

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7
Q

Q7 which hormone is responsible for Controlling sexual differentiation and reproduction

A

Testosterone and progesterone

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8
Q

Q8 which hormone is responsible for regulating red cell production

A

Erythropoietin (found in the kidney)

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9
Q

Q9 give an example where a single endocrine gland can produce multiple hormones

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

Q10 give an example of a hormone that can be secreted by more than one endocrine gland

A

Somatostatin

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11
Q

Q11 give an example of a hormone that has more than one type of target cell and therefore can induce more than one type of effect

A

Vasopressin – regulate arterial blood pressure and renal tubules for water reabsorption

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12
Q

Q12 give an example of a chemical messenger which can be both a hormone or a neurotransmitter

A

Noradrenaline

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13
Q

Q13 give an example of an organ which performs non-endocrine functions as well as secreting hormones

A

Testes

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14
Q

Q14 What is the classification given when a released hormone from the anterior pituitary gland has a direct effect on an endocrine gland?

A

A tropic hormone

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15
Q

Q15 give examples of a tropic hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH/LH, ACTH, TSH (FLAT)

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16
Q

Q16 give example of non-tropic hormones

A

Insulin, growth hormone, prolactin

These hormones effect target cells.

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17
Q

Q17 what is the function of trophic hormones

A

Stimulate and maintain their endocrine gland (TSH)

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18
Q

Q18 which hormones are steroid hormones

A

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Progesterone

Testosterone

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19
Q

Q19 which hormones are amines

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

Thyroxine

Triiodothyronine

Dopamine

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20
Q

Q20 which hormones are peptide classification

A

ACTH

ADH

Calcitonin

Glucagon

Insulin

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21
Q

Q21 what does the solubility of a hormone determine

A

How the hormone is processed by the endocrine cell

How the hormone is transported in the blood

How the hormone exerts its effects at the target cell

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22
Q

Q22 how are peptide hormones exported from the cell

A

Exocytosis

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23
Q

Q23 what is the precursor for peptide hormones

A

Prephormones

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24
Q

Q24 where are the prehormones activated

A

Enzymes in the ER prune the prehormones to active hormones

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25
Q

Q25 what is the common precursor for all steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

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26
Q

Q26 what must occur for the cholesterol to synthesis in to steroid hormones

A

Series of enzymatic reactions

27
Q

Q27 what determines the rate of release of steroid hormones

A

Dependant on how fast production is

28
Q

Q28 are steroids stored in the body

A

No, steroid hormones are made and released on demand

29
Q

Q29 all hormones are carried by blood, which hormones are dissolved in the blood.

A

Peptide hormones

30
Q

Q30 are hydrophilic peptides and catecholamines soluble in lipid

A

Poorly soluble in lipid

31
Q

Q31 where do hydrophilic peptides bind to

A

Receptors on the outer pm surface of the target cell

32
Q

Q32 where do lipophilic steroids and thyroid hormones bind to

A

Specific receptors located inside the target cell

33
Q

Q33 which hormones directly alter activity of intracellular enzymes

A

Hydrophilic hormones

34
Q

Q34 which hormones directly cause formation of new intracellular enzymes

A

Lipophilic hormones

35
Q

Q35 what are the solubility of the following

Peptides

Catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

Steroids

A

Peptides – hydrophilic

Catecholamines – hydrophilic

Thyroid hormones – lipophilic

Steroids – lipophilic

36
Q

Q36 what are the secretion method of the following

Peptides

Catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

Steroids

A

Peptides – exocytosis

Catecholamines – exocytosis

Thyroid hormones – endocytosis

Steroids – simple diffusion

37
Q

Q37 what are the receptor site of the following

Peptides

Catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

Steroids

A

Peptides – surface of target cell

Catecholamines – surface of target cell

Thyroid hormones – inside target cell

Steroids – inside target cell

38
Q

Q38 the effective plasma concentration of free, biologically active hormone can depend upon

A

Hormones rate of secretion in to the blood

Rate of metabolic activation or conversion (T4 > T3)

Binding to plasma proteins

Rate of removal from blood

39
Q

Q39 negative feedback control, neuroendocrine reflexes and diurnal are examples of what

A

General mechanisms controlling secretion

40
Q

Q40 hyposecretion comes in two forms primary and secondary, describe both forms.

A

Primary – abnormality with gland (genetic, dietary, chemical or toxic, immunologic, disease, iatrogenic, idiopathic)

Secondary – endocrine is normal but secreting too little because of a deficiency of its tropic hormone.

Treatment – replacement therapy

41
Q

Q41 hypersecretion comes in two forms primary and secondary, describe both forms

A

Primary – defect lies I gland itself (tumours)

Secondary – excessive stimulation from outside (immunologic factors)

Treatment – remove tumour, drugs inhibit secretion

42
Q

Q1 growth from fertilised ovum to the adult is dependent on

A

Genetic contribution

Nutrition

Multiple hormones regulate linear growth

43
Q

Q2 which growth hormones regulate linear growth

A

GH, IGF-1, IGF-2, insulin, TH, glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens

44
Q

Q3 where is leptin made

A

Leptin is a protein made almost exclusively in adipocytes

45
Q

Q4 how does leptin regulate CNS feeding behaviour

A

Crosses the BBB to modulate specific neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that control feeding behaviour

46
Q

Q5 what is the function of ghrelin

A

Is a hormone synthesised and released from the cells in the gastric mucosa in response to fasting

It promotes appetite

Circulating levels are low in lean humans

47
Q

Q6 No cell membrane receptors exist for thyroid hormones, how do they act on target cells.

A

Thyroid hormones enter cells through simple diffusion through the plasma membrane and bind on to nuclear receptors and regulate transcription of cell proteins

48
Q

Q7 what is the first stage of thyroid hormone synthesis

A

increase activity of the Na/I cotransporter increases iodine trapping

49
Q

Q8 what is the 2nd stage of thyroid hormone synthesis

A

Iodine leaves the follicular cell and enters the lumen where it is oxidised from I- to I°

50
Q

Q9 what is the 3rd stage of the thyroid hormone synthesis

A

Iodination of thyroglobulin occurs in the follicular lumen

51
Q

Q10 what is the 4th stage of the thyroid hormone synthesis

A

conjugation of iodinated tyrosines to form T4 and T3 liked to thyroglobulin

52
Q

Q11 what is the 5th stage of the thyroid hormone synthesis

A

Iodinated thyroglobulin enters the follicular cells through endocytosis

53
Q

Q12 what is the 6th stage of the thyroid hormone synthesis

A

Proteolysis of the iodinated thyroglobulin, forming T4 and T3

54
Q

Q13 what is the 7th stage of the thyroid hormone synthesis

A

secretion of T4 and T3

55
Q

Q14 which hormone T4 or T3 is more abundant

A

90% released as T4 and 10% as T3

T3 more active

Liver and kidneys convert T4 in to T3

56
Q

Q15 how do both hormones T4 and T3 travel in circulation

A

They are highly bound to plasma proteins (thyroid binding globulin, albumin and transthyretin)

57
Q

Q16 which hormone T4 or T3 increases the basal metabolic rate greater

A

T3

58
Q

Q17 THs increase hepatic (liver) gluconeogenic (production of glucose) activity, by inducing several gluconeogenic enzymes, what will prevent and increase in plasma glucose

A

Insulin

59
Q

Q18 thyroid hormones can increase protein synthesis and break protein down by increased proteolysis. What is the condition where muscle is will start to become weak and waste as a result of increase metabolism

A

Hyperthyroidism

60
Q

Q19 thyroid hormones provide glycerol for hepatic gluconeogenesis, how

A

Increased degradation of stored triglycerides in adipose tissue

61
Q

Q20 what is graves disease

A

a swelling of the neck and protrusion of the eyes resulting from an overactive thyroid gland.

62
Q

Q21 what causes graves disease

A

Caused by abnormal immunoglobulin (TSI thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin) which binds to activates the TSH receptor. Leads to an increased secretion of both T3 and T4.

63
Q

Q22 what are the symptoms of graves disease

A

Increased metabolic rate with associated weight loss

Sweating and heat intolerance

A rapid and more forceful heartbeat

Muscle weakness and wasting

Changes in hair growth and skin texture

64
Q
A

5th year final - all cards combined (174 decks)

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