Development L2 - Craniofacial development and disorder COPY

Question 1

is the study of the processes by which organs grow and develop.

moderns developmental biology, studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and morphogenesis, which is the process that give rise to tissues, organs and anatomy, but also regeneration and ageing.

the above is the definition of which study?

Answer 1

developmental biology

Question 2

what would be best used to describe the following process?

is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy, but also regeneration and ageing

Answer 2

morphogenesis

Question 3

which example of connective tissue is a biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen

Answer 3

A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.

Question 4

is a loosely organised, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue which develops in to connective tissue: best describes which tissue

Answer 4

mesenchyme

Question 5

white adipocyte

brown adipocyte

myoblast

chondrocytes

osteoblast

the cells above derive from which cell

Answer 5

mesenchymal stem cell

Question 6

myoblast can differentiate to form which three muscle cells

Answer 6

cardiac muscle

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

Question 7

the 4 fundamental aspects of developmental biology is:

proliferation/growth size

pattern formation:

morphogenesis-shape

differentiation-type

explain each aspect

Answer 7

proliferation/growth size: cell division going through cell cycle

pattern formation: is the process by which cells in a developing embryo acquire identities that lead to a well ordered spatial patten of cell activities

morphogenesis-shape: change shape for different parts of the body/tissue

differentiation-type: Cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type.

Question 8

dynamic, reciprocal and sequential interactions, are interactions that allow cells to communicate with eachother.

explain each of the interactins losted above by cells

Answer 8

sequentially interactions are based on timing events, generally reffering to to a succession of something.

reciprocal, interactions Perhaps the simplest type of reciprocal interaction is one in which two cells interact through two cell-surface proteins, both of which can act as receptors and ligands.

Dynamic interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix mediate embryonic development and happen quickly

Question 9

Tissue interactions appear to be associated with at least 2 general types of phenomena

instructive and permissive

explain how these interactions work

Answer 9

instructive: the ability of one tissue to determine specific patterns of morphogenesis and differentiation that will develop in an associated tissue. (tells other tissues what to do)

permissive: the ability of an interacting tissue to provide certain conditions that is necessary for its committed partner tissue to progress to full expression of its predetermined phenotype. (drives the devlopment of tissue)

Question 10

is the production and development of the organs of animal or plant: is the definition of what

Answer 10

organogenesis

Question 11

for organ to be created and developed it undergoes the following

secondary inductions

pattern right place

organ rudiment

organ specific structures

explain how the aboive contribute to the development of organs

Answer 11

secondary inductions: this interaction allows the organs to go in the right place, like the heart in the chest.

pattern right place

organ rudiment - morphogenesis and proliferation, this allows the organ to grow

organ specific structures - differentiation this is the final stage to produce organ

Question 12

an organ starts as an epithelial placode

placodes are embryonic structures that give rise to structures.

epithelial placode is a condensation of which germ layer

Answer 12

epithelial placode is a condensation of the ectoderm layer

Question 13

what are the functions cytokines during development

Answer 13

cytokines are small molecules transmitted over small distances that drive devlopment by receptors and signalling RNA synthesis

Question 14

ECM plays a vital role in development. it is important in morphogenesis and differentiation.

ECM plays a vital role in the following;

adhesion

migration

proliferation

polarisation

differentiation

Question 15

which germ layers need to interact in order to form the oral development

Answer 15

interactions between oral ectoderm and mesoderm