Cancer L1 - intro to benign and malignant disease Flashcards
most tumors are monoclonal, what does this means
monoclonal = all the cells in a tumour appear to rise from one parent cell.
new growth
the above is the definition of what:
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Hypoplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
neoplasia
what is the name given to cells that can no longer proliferate/replicate
terminally differentiated cells
benign tumors can have clinical effects, due to their circumscribed structure they can cause local pressue effects such as pain and hormone secretions
what would be the name given to a benign tumour present in a glandular structure, such as the pituitary gland and what can this cause.
a benign tumor in the pituitary gland would be called an adenoma
the adenoma can stimulate the pituitary gland to hyper secrete hormones resulting in the condition called acromegaly
dysplasia can be observed in histological slides what would you expect to see on a histological with invasive carcinoma
the dysplasia would have spread to local surrounding tissues. this is classified as cancer
Reduction in cell size by loss of cell substance Many causes Physiological (thyroglossal duct)and pathological
- Ageing
- Lack of use / stimulation
- Mechanical
- Functional
the above is the definition of what:
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Hypoplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
Atrophy
tumours are classified in two ways
- behaviour
- histogenesis
a tumours behaviours is either a benign or malignant.
a tumour that is often encapsulated, typically well circumscribed and remain localised is describing which tumour behaviour
this is describing a benign tumour and its growth patterns
Reduced size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size, usually a developmental defect
the above is the definition of what:
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Hypoplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
Hypoplasia
prediction of the probable course and outcome of disease
appropriate treatment and estimate survival
which term is used to describe the above
prognosis
- may need to treat before tissue diagnosis
- risk: benefit to consider at all times
- aggressive therapy may be necessary and risks justifiable
- sometimes appropriate to avoid early active treatment
the above factors are considered when a patent presents with what type of tumor
aggresive tumor
dysplasia can be observed in histological slides what would you expect to see on a histological with carcinoma in-situ
high dysplasia with the potential to become invasive
how does the nuclei of a malignant tumor cell compare to a benign tumor cells
larger and plemorphic
An increase in cell number, commonly occurs in organs that are hormonally sensitive such as
endometrium (overarian cancer
breast and thyroid
the above is the definition of what:
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Hypoplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
hyperplasia
tissue homeostasis is achieved, through the balance of what to cells
balance between cell division and cell loss
the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another, usually the cell changes to a more specialized type: is known as was what?
differentiation
if you were looking at histologcal slide and can see severe dysplasia and evidence of metastasize, are you looking at a benign or malignant tumor
malignant tumor
which type of neoplasm has the ability to invade and spread?
malignant neoplasm
how does the growth rate of a benign tumor compare to a malignant tumor
the growth rate of a benign tumor is relatively slower than a malignant tumor
oncology is the study of what?
oncology is the study of neoplasia/tumor
Abnormal growth
the above is the definition of what:
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Hypoplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
Dysplasia
tumor grade is a histological assesment, which shows how well differentiated the tumor cells are.
well differentiated tumors tend to have a better prognosis, true or false
true
what is the name given for programmed cell death
Apoptosis
tumor staging is the anatomical extent of the disease. clinical, radiological and pathological findings are used to determine tumor staging.
tumor staging is the major determinant of appropriate treatment and prognosis.
tumoe staging uses the TNM system what does the TNM stand for
T = greates diameter of tumor, structure invaded
N = regional lymph node status
M = distant metastasis
Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type. e.g barrets esophagus, acid reflux damages the cell lining, cell linings are then replaced.
the above is the definition of what:
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Hypoplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
Metaplasia
what would be the best course of action for benign tumors
they should be removed by local excision
how is tissue homeostasis achieved
tissue homeostasis is maintained when there is a balance between cell division and cell loss
in regards to cancer neoplasms have two classes what are they.
neoplasms can be classed as benign or malignant
benign - non dangerous tumor
malignant - dangerous tumor
what is the name given to the term new growth
neoplasia
describe proliferation and uniformity of a neoplasia when comapred to a normal cell
a neoplasia would proliferate at a faster rate and will not be uniformed/coordinated compared to a nomral cell and its surrounding tissue
if you were looking at a histological slide and saw that the tumor cells resemble the tissue of origin, would you be looking at a benign or malignant tumor
benign.
there is different degrees to dysplasia
- mild
- moderate
- severe
the more severe the degree of dysplasia the more significant risk of progressing to what?
progressing to invasive malignancy
clinical effects of a malignant tum; local pressure and destruction, innappropriate hormone secretion, distant metastases. what would be the treatment options for this
excision +/- additional therapy such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy
what happens to the neoplasia once the factor that brought about its initial change has gone
the neoplasia will continue to grow.
An increase in cell size Physiological and pathological e.g Muscle: -Skeletal -Cardiac.
the above is the definition of what:
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Hypoplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
hypertrophy
which class of neoplasm is associated with cancer
malignant neoplasms
