Cancer L1 - intro to benign and malignant disease Flashcards

1
Q

most tumors are monoclonal, what does this means

A

monoclonal = all the cells in a tumour appear to rise from one parent cell.

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2
Q

new growth

the above is the definition of what:

  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
A

neoplasia

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3
Q

what is the name given to cells that can no longer proliferate/replicate

A

terminally differentiated cells

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4
Q

benign tumors can have clinical effects, due to their circumscribed structure they can cause local pressue effects such as pain and hormone secretions

what would be the name given to a benign tumour present in a glandular structure, such as the pituitary gland and what can this cause.

A

a benign tumor in the pituitary gland would be called an adenoma

the adenoma can stimulate the pituitary gland to hyper secrete hormones resulting in the condition called acromegaly

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5
Q

dysplasia can be observed in histological slides what would you expect to see on a histological with invasive carcinoma

A

the dysplasia would have spread to local surrounding tissues. this is classified as cancer

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Reduction in cell size by loss of cell substance Many causes Physiological (thyroglossal duct)and pathological

  • Ageing
  • Lack of use / stimulation
  • Mechanical
  • Functional

the above is the definition of what:

  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
A

Atrophy

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8
Q

tumours are classified in two ways

  1. behaviour
  2. histogenesis

a tumours behaviours is either a benign or malignant.

a tumour that is often encapsulated, typically well circumscribed and remain localised is describing which tumour behaviour

A

this is describing a benign tumour and its growth patterns

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9
Q

Reduced size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size, usually a developmental defect

the above is the definition of what:

  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
A

Hypoplasia

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10
Q

prediction of the probable course and outcome of disease

appropriate treatment and estimate survival

which term is used to describe the above

A

prognosis

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11
Q
  1. may need to treat before tissue diagnosis
  2. risk: benefit to consider at all times
  3. aggressive therapy may be necessary and risks justifiable
  4. sometimes appropriate to avoid early active treatment

the above factors are considered when a patent presents with what type of tumor

A

aggresive tumor

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12
Q

dysplasia can be observed in histological slides what would you expect to see on a histological with carcinoma in-situ

A

high dysplasia with the potential to become invasive

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13
Q

how does the nuclei of a malignant tumor cell compare to a benign tumor cells

A

larger and plemorphic

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14
Q

An increase in cell number, commonly occurs in organs that are hormonally sensitive such as

endometrium (overarian cancer

breast and thyroid

the above is the definition of what:

  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
A

hyperplasia

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15
Q

tissue homeostasis is achieved, through the balance of what to cells

A

balance between cell division and cell loss

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16
Q

the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another, usually the cell changes to a more specialized type: is known as was what?

A

differentiation

17
Q

if you were looking at histologcal slide and can see severe dysplasia and evidence of metastasize, are you looking at a benign or malignant tumor

A

malignant tumor

18
Q

which type of neoplasm has the ability to invade and spread?

A

malignant neoplasm

19
Q

how does the growth rate of a benign tumor compare to a malignant tumor

A

the growth rate of a benign tumor is relatively slower than a malignant tumor

20
Q

oncology is the study of what?

A

oncology is the study of neoplasia/tumor

21
Q

Abnormal growth

the above is the definition of what:

  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
A

Dysplasia

22
Q

tumor grade is a histological assesment, which shows how well differentiated the tumor cells are.

well differentiated tumors tend to have a better prognosis, true or false

A

true

23
Q

what is the name given for programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

24
Q

tumor staging is the anatomical extent of the disease. clinical, radiological and pathological findings are used to determine tumor staging.

tumor staging is the major determinant of appropriate treatment and prognosis.

tumoe staging uses the TNM system what does the TNM stand for

A

T = greates diameter of tumor, structure invaded

N = regional lymph node status

M = distant metastasis

25
Q

Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type. e.g barrets esophagus, acid reflux damages the cell lining, cell linings are then replaced.

the above is the definition of what:

  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
A

Metaplasia

26
Q

what would be the best course of action for benign tumors

A

they should be removed by local excision

27
Q

how is tissue homeostasis achieved

A

tissue homeostasis is maintained when there is a balance between cell division and cell loss

28
Q

in regards to cancer neoplasms have two classes what are they.

A

neoplasms can be classed as benign or malignant

benign - non dangerous tumor

malignant - dangerous tumor

29
Q

what is the name given to the term new growth

A

neoplasia

30
Q

describe proliferation and uniformity of a neoplasia when comapred to a normal cell

A

a neoplasia would proliferate at a faster rate and will not be uniformed/coordinated compared to a nomral cell and its surrounding tissue

31
Q

if you were looking at a histological slide and saw that the tumor cells resemble the tissue of origin, would you be looking at a benign or malignant tumor

A

benign.

32
Q

there is different degrees to dysplasia

  1. mild
  2. moderate
  3. severe

the more severe the degree of dysplasia the more significant risk of progressing to what?

A

progressing to invasive malignancy

33
Q

clinical effects of a malignant tum; local pressure and destruction, innappropriate hormone secretion, distant metastases. what would be the treatment options for this

A

excision +/- additional therapy such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy

34
Q

what happens to the neoplasia once the factor that brought about its initial change has gone

A

the neoplasia will continue to grow.

35
Q

An increase in cell size Physiological and pathological e.g Muscle: -Skeletal -Cardiac.

the above is the definition of what:

  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
A

hypertrophy

36
Q

which class of neoplasm is associated with cancer

A

malignant neoplasms