Chapter 9 (facts)

Question 1

The adult human body is what percentage water?

Answer 1

50-60

Question 2

How long can an adult survive without water?

Answer 2

3 to 4 days

Question 3

The chemical structure of water makes it

Answer 3

polar

Question 4

Water can interact with many other molecules by

Answer 4

weakening the forces that bond them

Question 5

Water has a relatively high specific heat, meaning it easily

Answer 5

absorbs and transports heat

Question 6

Water is a key factor in maintaining

Answer 6

homeostasis

Question 7

In terms of hydration, homeostasis is achieved through a constant transfer of fluids between

Answer 7

the compartments of the human body

Question 8

Percentage of total body water in intracellular space:

Answer 8

68

Question 9

Percentage of total body water in Interstitial fluid:

Answer 9

24

Question 10

Percentage of total body water in plasma volume:

Answer 10

7

Question 11

Two subcategories of extracellular water:

Answer 11

interstitial space and plasma volume

Question 12

The primary means by which the body gets rid of excess fluid

Answer 12

Urine production

Question 13

What sensation initiates water intake?

Answer 13

thirst

Question 14

Water has the highest surface tension of all liquids due to the

Answer 14

hydrogen bonding present in water molecules

Question 15

allows the formation of dew and for bugs to seemingly float on water.

Answer 15

Surface tension

Question 16

Describes the process of losing body water

Answer 16

Dehydration

Question 17

mild hypohydration or pre-dehydration.

Answer 17

Underhydration

Question 18

Two relatively inexpensive techniques that measure urine osmalality

Answer 18

urine specific gravity and urine color

Question 19

Inadequate water intake may affect how the human body controls which two things?

Answer 19

blood sugar and the health of kidneys.

Question 20

What is the main electrolyte driving changes in plasma osmolarity?

Answer 20

Sodium

Question 21

Plasma osmolality is closely monitored by the nervous system to maintain

Answer 21

homeostasis.

Question 22

The hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) is also known as

Answer 22

antidiuretic hormone

Question 23

Name three non-modifiable risk factors that play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes

Answer 23

genetics, age, and sex

Question 24

Name three lifestyle factors that play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes

Answer 24

obesity, poor nutritional habits, and inactive lifestyles

Question 25

Glucose regulation may be impaired when

Answer 25

water intake is chronically low

Question 26

Vasopressin 2 receptors are responsible for limiting the

Answer 26

amount of water released as urine

Question 27

Some scientists have discovered that kidney stone formation decreases as

Answer 27

urine volume increases.

Question 28

identified by measuring how well the kidneys filter blood in the body

Answer 28

Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 29

Water is absorbed throughout the digestive tract but primarily in the

Answer 29

small intestines.

Question 30

The _____and __________offer a large surface area for diffusion of water in the small intestines.

Answer 30

villi and microvilli

Question 31

Highly concentrated liquids will significantly slow down gastric emptying. For example, fluids with higher amounts of what two things will be emptied more slowly compared to plain water.

Answer 31

sugar or sodium

Question 32

How much of daily water intake comes from food?

Answer 32

20%

Question 33

What should be the primary means of overall hydration

Answer 33

drinking water

Question 34

Research suggests that when total body water loss reaches ___ percent, prolonged aerobic performance is decreased.

Answer 34

2

Question 35

During exercise the cardiovascular system maintains ________ __________ to meet the metabolic demands of exercise.

Answer 35

cardiac output

Question 36

Formula to determine cardiac output:

Answer 36

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

Question 37

What can reduce cardiac drift?

Answer 37

proper hydration to replace the loss of blood volume from sweating

Question 38

The goal of hydration before exercise or athletic performance should be to arrive in what state of hydration?

Answer 38

a euhydrated state

Question 39

What should NOT happen while exercising in hot conditions?

Answer 39

a gain in body weight

Question 40

Rehydration of ____ percent of lost water is needed to effectively replace fluid lost during exercise

Answer 40

150

Question 41

Which system is largely responsible for thermoregulation during exercise

Answer 41

the cardiovascular system

Question 42

Heat accumulation during exercise comes from the combination of internal heat production and external heat sources. Give an example of each:

Answer 42

metabolism, the sun

Question 43

Main contributor to developing EAH:

Answer 43

drinking larger fluid amounts than what is lost through sweat and urine during exercise

Question 44

What is the key to promoting fluid balance?

Answer 44

introduction of fluids with electrolytes

Question 45

Most research suggests caffeine ingested in small amounts—approximately ___ mg per kilogram of body weight—will not affect urine output or the effectiveness of rehydration.

Answer 45

3

Question 46

when caffeine content exceeds ____ mg per kilogram of body weight, a diuretic effect has been observed.

Answer 46

6