Chapter 8 (Section B)

Question 1

Minerals make up what percentage of tissue?

Answer 1

4 to 6

Question 2

Where are minerals found?

Answer 2

Minerals are found as components of tissue like muscle and bone, as well as essential pieces of cellular metabolic processes and immune responses

Question 3

In excessive quantities, inorganic minerals are treated as what? Why?

Answer 3

toxins, because they cannot be easily broken down in the body

Question 4

Examples of organic minerals:

Answer 4

co2, carbonates, and carbides

Question 5

Examples of inorganic minerals:

Answer 5

salts and metals

Question 6

Daily mineral requirements are directly correlated to which three things?

Answer 6

activity levels, body size and
lean body mass.

Question 7

The adult body contains approximately ________ grams of calcium, 99 percent of which is present
in bones as a _________ ___________ molecule. Calcium also occurs in the body in its _________ _________
state and as _____________ _______________.

Answer 7

1,200; calcium phosphate; free ionic; calcium carbonate

Question 8

Mineralization of bone requires a

Answer 8

positive calcium balance

Question 9

Calcium (in MG) DRI for 0-13; 13-49; 50 and up:

Answer 9

200-1300; 1000; 1200

Question 10

Inadequate calcium intake results in

4

Answer 10

muscle cramping, reduced energy levels, Rickets and stunted growth

Question 11

Hypocalcemia is a result of the inadequacies of:

(3)

Answer 11

the calcium-regulating hormone calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D

Question 12

The tolerable upper-intake level (UL) for calcium is _____ mg per day for all ages.

Answer 12

2500

Question 13

Excess calcium intake over the short term may cause

(2)

Answer 13

constipation or development of kidney stones

Question 14

Higher intake of calcium can also interfere with the absorption of

Answer 14

iron, zinc, magnesium, and other essential minerals.

Question 15

Studies have shown that excess calcium
intake over the long term can potentially lead to

(3)

Answer 15

bone fractures, chronic gastrointestinal
distress, and cardiovascular disease

Question 16

Some supplemental sources of calcium include

Answer 16

calcium citrate, calcium malate, calcium
glycinate, and certain antacids

Question 17

Daily doses up to
______ mg per day have been recommended for female athletes

calcium

Answer 17

1,500 mg per day

Question 18

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

Answer 18

Phosphorus

Question 19

The DRI for children under the age of 18 and pregnant females is _____ mg per day; for
adults over the age of 19, the recommendation is _____ mg per day

phosphorus

Answer 19

1200, 700

Question 20

Phosphorus deficiency symptoms over time include:

(7)

Answer 20

poor bone formation, stunted growth, nervous system dysfunction, weakness, anorexia, tremors, and malaise.

Question 21

Acute lack of phosphorous has been
found to accelerate:

Answer 21

rhabdomyolysis

Question 22

The UL for phosphorous is ______ mg per day for healthy adults.

Answer 22

4000

Question 23

Chronic excessive intake of phosphorus has been reported to

Answer 23

adversely affect calcium’s function and metabolism and to stimulate bone loss.

Question 24

Toxicity symptoms include

phosphorus (3)

Answer 24

hypotension, tachycardia, and tetany

Question 25

Calcium has essential roles in (6):

Answer 25

bone building and strength, transmission of nerve impulses, maintaining a regular heartbeat, muscle contraction, cellular membrane permeability, and blood clotting