Chapter 8 (Section B) Flashcards
Minerals make up what percentage of tissue?
4 to 6
Where are minerals found?
Minerals are found as components of tissue like muscle and bone, as well as essential pieces of cellular metabolic processes and immune responses
In excessive quantities, inorganic minerals are treated as what? Why?
toxins, because they cannot be easily broken down in the body
Examples of organic minerals:
co2, carbonates, and carbides
Examples of inorganic minerals:
salts and metals
Daily mineral requirements are directly correlated to which three things?
activity levels, body size and
lean body mass.
The adult body contains approximately ________ grams of calcium, 99 percent of which is present
in bones as a _________ ___________ molecule. Calcium also occurs in the body in its _________ _________
state and as _____________ _______________.
1,200; calcium phosphate; free ionic; calcium carbonate
Mineralization of bone requires a
positive calcium balance
Calcium (in MG) DRI for 0-13; 13-49; 50 and up:
200-1300; 1000; 1200
Inadequate calcium intake results in
4
muscle cramping, reduced energy levels, Rickets and stunted growth
Hypocalcemia is a result of the inadequacies of:
(3)
the calcium-regulating hormone calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
The tolerable upper-intake level (UL) for calcium is _____ mg per day for all ages.
2500
Excess calcium intake over the short term may cause
(2)
constipation or development of kidney stones
Higher intake of calcium can also interfere with the absorption of
iron, zinc, magnesium, and other essential minerals.
Studies have shown that excess calcium
intake over the long term can potentially lead to
(3)
bone fractures, chronic gastrointestinal
distress, and cardiovascular disease
Some supplemental sources of calcium include
calcium citrate, calcium malate, calcium
glycinate, and certain antacids
Daily doses up to
______ mg per day have been recommended for female athletes
calcium
1,500 mg per day
What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?
Phosphorus
The DRI for children under the age of 18 and pregnant females is _____ mg per day; for
adults over the age of 19, the recommendation is _____ mg per day
phosphorus
1200, 700
Phosphorus deficiency symptoms over time include:
(7)
poor bone formation, stunted growth, nervous system dysfunction, weakness, anorexia, tremors, and malaise.
Acute lack of phosphorous has been
found to accelerate:
rhabdomyolysis
The UL for phosphorous is ______ mg per day for healthy adults.
4000
Chronic excessive intake of phosphorus has been reported to
adversely affect calcium’s function and metabolism and to stimulate bone loss.
Toxicity symptoms include
phosphorus (3)
hypotension, tachycardia, and tetany
