Chapter 8 (Section C)

Question 1

Most of the magnesium in the body occurs in

3

Answer 1

the bones, muscles, and soft tissues

Question 2

Magnesium is involved in more than ___ _______ __________ in the body and is a major
factor in ______ _________and _______.

Answer 2

300 biochemical reactions; bone growth and strength

Question 3

The DRI for magnesium is ___ mg per day for males and females under 13 years of age.
Adult females require ___ mg per day (slightly more during puberty), and adult males require ___ mg per day.

Answer 3

240; 320; 420

Question 4

Deficiency of magnesium is rarely seen, but symptoms include

7

Answer 4

muscle weakness, cramps, and spasms, irritability, nausea, cardiac arrhythmia, and depression.

Question 5

Magnesium deficiency symptoms can be caused by

Answer 5

decreased or inefficient absorption of magnesium in the gastrointestinal tract or medication interference

Question 6

Intake of magnesium over ___ mg per day may lead to side effects in some individuals,
specifically, those with ________ _________.

Answer 6

350; kidney disorders

Question 7

Long-term magnesium deficiency can result in:

3

Answer 7

metabolic syndrome, skeletal deformities, and cardiovascular disease

Question 8

Sulfur is derived from the essential amino acids ________ and ________and is a
major_________ ___________. MET is not stored in the body, so a daily intake is vital for proper nutrition

Answer 8

cysteine, methionine (MET), enzyme cofactor

Question 9

Sulphur deficiency symptoms include:

4

Answer 9

brittle hair and nails, dental cavities, and decreased fertility.

Question 10

Chronic sulfur deficiency has been found to greatly increase the risk of which three things:

Especially in plant eating populations

Answer 10

heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular disorders

Question 10

Chronic excess of methionine, cysteine and sulfur can lead to:

3

Answer 10

brain damage, heart disease, or death.

Question 11

Sulfur can also change the acidity of the blood and should generally be avoided by people with

Answer 11

acidosis

Question 12

(For Sulphur) Athletes consuming a vegan or largely vegetarian diet may need to supplement

Answer 12

beta alanine, creatine, and other essential amino acids.

Question 13

Bouts of longer activity in endurance sports and athletics speed up the ________ ________of _________ _______ in the body.

Answer 13

oxidative loss; amino acids

Question 14

Carries oxygen throughout the body

Answer 14

hemoglobin

Question 15

Where is myoglobin stored?

Answer 15

bone marrow, spleen, and liver

Question 16

___________ releases oxygen throughout the body used for oxidative metabolism, while
___________ stores and releases oxygen from the storage locations when the body is in need

Answer 16

Hemoglobin; myoglobin

Question 17

The DRI of Iron for adult males and females is __mg per day. Females between the ages of 18 and
50 are recommended to intake ___ mg per day to compensate for the natural loss of iron with
menstruation at childbearing age

Answer 17

8, 18

Question 18

A result of an imbalance of iron intake, iron storage, and natural iron loss preventing the full functioning of erythrocytes in the circulatory system

Answer 18

Iron deficiency anemia

Question 19

The symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia include

3

Answer 19

fatigue, restless leg syndrome, and impaired cognitive function

Question 20

The UL for iron is ___ mg per day for adults.

Answer 20

45

Question 21

High levels of iron intake have
been associated with:

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Answer 21

increased risk for metal toxicity, oxidative stress, intensified aging muscle atrophy, rosacea, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

Question 22

__________ ___________is a form of iron readily absorbed in the body but not stored in the liver
the same way as iron is.

Answer 22

Ferrous sulfate

Question 23

the practice of using blood transfusions to increase serum hemoglobin
levels and thus their oxygen-carrying capacity to increase overall performance

Answer 23

DOPING