Chapter 5 (Section A)

Question 1

Roles of protein in the diet (5)

Answer 1

providing structure and growth, catalyzing reactions, signaling, supporting immune activity, and transporting across cell membranes

Question 2

Although proteins are not a primary source of energy, they can be used for energy (2):

Answer 2

during intense exercise or when nutrition is inadequate

Question 3

Why is balancing protein intake important?

Answer 3

To avoid the formation of harmful waste products and to prevent loss of muscle mass

Question 4

The body converts excess protein to _________ and increases the blood levels of which two metabolic waste products?

Answer 4

Fat; ammonia and uric acid

Question 5

A toxic metabolic waste product produced from the metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds like protein and amino acids

Answer 5

ammonia

Question 6

a toxic metabolic waste product filtered by the kidneys as a result of the metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds

Answer 6

uric acid

Question 7

A protein is a macromolecule and a _____________ , a compound containing __ to over _____ molecular subunits. Each subunit is a small molecule known as an _________ which are linked together by a ____________.

Answer 7

polypeptide; 10 to 100; amino acid; peptide bond

Question 8

an organic compound that is used as a precursor for other molecules in the body

Answer 8

amino acid

Question 9

the bond that links amino acids together to form a protein

Answer 9

peptide bond

Question 10

Four levels of structure in each protein. What makes the primary structure?

Answer 10

The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain that is determined by genetics makes the primary structure.

Question 11

What makes the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 11

The local folding of the polypeptide chain.

Question 12

What makes up the shapes of proteins?

Answer 12

Combinations of chains and sheets

Question 13

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 13

The 3-D shape of the polypeptide

Question 14

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 14

The quaternary structure is formed based on the interactions between subunits.

Question 15

The _________ is the primary structure that creates the secondary helix. A series of helices creates a _____________ which, when combined with other polypeptide chains, creates the functional protein structure

Answer 15

amino acid, polypeptide chain

Question 16

In terms of nutrition, it is important to consider the _________ __________ _________ rather than whole proteins

Answer 16

amino acid subunits

Question 17

Metabolic process that converts ammonia to the waste product urea

Answer 17

urea cycle

Question 18

the molecules that transmits a signal across the synapse between two neurons

Answer 18

neurotransmitters

Question 19

each amino acid is made up of a central carbon atom known as the

Answer 19

alpha carbon

Question 20

What is bonded to the alpha carbon (4)

Answer 20

an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and the R group.

Question 21

a chemical grouping (functional group) made up of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms

Answer 21

amino group

Question 22

a functional group containing carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Answer 22

carboxyl group

Question 23

A unique functional group that varies depending on the type of amino acid

Answer 23

R group

Question 24

Compounds consisting of two or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Answer 24

peptides

Question 25

a chemical reaction that forms a bond and released a molecule of water in the process

Answer 25

dehydration reaction

Question 26

signaling molecules secreted by an endocrine organ or gland

Answer 26

hormone

Question 27

the large molecule in the cell nucleus that contains the cell’s genetic blueprint and determines how the cell will develop

Answer 27

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 28

a protein made up of only amino acid subunits

Answer 28

simple protein