Chapter 3 (Section B)

Question 1

More energy consumed than expended

Answer 1

positive energy balance

Question 2

more energy is expended than calories consumed

Answer 2

negative energy balance

Question 3

The body naturally seeks a __________ __________ of the energy system

Answer 3

homeostatic balance

Question 4

Simple changes such as calorie intake reduction of __________ kcal and incorporating ____________ kcal of activity can make a difference in energy balance

Answer 4

200-300/200-400

Question 5

On a cellular level, the way energy is produced is a complicated series of reactions that can be __________ (3) and based on __________

Answer 5

accelerated, decelerated, or limited based on the urgency of energy requirements

Question 6

series of reactions converting nutrients into the cellular energy currency ATP

Answer 6

cellular metabolism

Question 7

ATP (acronym)

Answer 7

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 8

The cellular energy molecule

full name

Answer 8

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 9

What is adenosine made of? Attached to

Answer 9

Ribose and adenine/ Three phosphates

Question 10

energy can neither be created or destroyed only converted

Answer 10

the law of conservation of energy

Question 11

the building process reaction

Answer 11

anabolic

Question 12

the breaking down process

Answer 12

catabolic

Question 13

Does ATP directly provide cellular energy? What has to happen?

Answer 13

No/ Bond of the second and third phosphate has to be broken in the presence of water.

Question 14

What enzyme converts ATP to ADP?

Answer 14

The enzyme ATPase

Question 15

What is the process of removing a phosphate called. What does this process require?

Answer 15

dephosphorylation. requires H2O

Question 16

The breakdown of ATP to ADP releases one ________________.

Answer 16

acidic proton

Question 17

Mechanism allowing ATP to be quickly broken into ADP then reformed.

Answer 17

ATP-ADP Cycle

Question 18

Process of adding a phoshate

Answer 18

rephosphorylation

Question 19

The process of rephosphorylation requires what enzyme?

Answer 19

ATP synthase

Question 20

Breakdown of ATP to release it’s stored energy is called:

Answer 20

ATP hydrolysis

Question 21

When ATP hydrolysis causes the muscle to accumulate protons faster than the muscle can remove them as waste:

Answer 21

metabolic acidosis

Question 22

Imbalance of reactive oxygen and the body’s ability to remove or detoxify it.

Answer 22

oxidative stress

Question 23

Effects of metabolic acidosis (short and long)

Answer 23

impairs muscle power and energy production; reprograms the cell to recycle ADP faster and reduce oxidative stress

Question 24

Enzyme catalyzing the reaction between ATP and AMP to form two ADP molecules. Takes two ADP molecules and converts them into one AMP and one ATP molecule

Answer 24

adenylate kinase

Question 25

Why is AMP not an ideal molecule to have in the cell (2)?

Answer 25

It can break down even further and create ammonia (toxic to blood and muscles); accumulation of phosphates can cause muscle fatigue (limiting physical performance)

Question 26

Three different energy systems of the body:

Answer 26

immediate, short, and log term

Question 27

Muscle tissues have enough ATP to last __________.

Answer 27

A couple seconds

Question 28

a molecule found in muscle and brain tissue donating its phosphorus to ADP to form ATP

Answer 28

phosphocreatine

Question 29

the combination of a muscle's stored ATP plus its phosphocreatine

Answer 29

phosphagen system

Question 30

process of splitting a glucose molecule into a pair of pyruvate molecules

Answer 30

glycolysis

Question 31

smallest molecule a carbohydrate can be broken down into and still used as an energy source

Answer 31

glucose

Question 32

three carbon structure formed by splitting a glucose molecule

Answer 32

pyruvate

Question 33

The end product of glycolysis is always __________.

Answer 33

lactic acid

Question 34

process that can occur without the use of oxygen

Answer 34

anaerobic

Question 35

the process of splitting a glucose molecule into a pair of pyruvate molecules to produce ATP when o2 is low.

Answer 35

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 36

breakdown of fuels to form ATP in the presence of o2

Answer 36

aerobic metabolism

Question 37

What can be used as an additional source of energy during aerobic metabolism?

Answer 37

Adipose tissue

Question 38

by product of fatty acid metabolism that can be used for energy:

Answer 38

ketones

Question 39

Four primary sources of energy

Answer 39

glucose, fatty acids, lactate and ketones

Question 40

Key role of ketones in cellular metabolism

Answer 40

production of ATP