Chapter 6 (Section D)

Question 1

an enzyme using amino acids aspartate, histamine, and serine to hydrolyze medium and long chain triglycerides breaking them down into partial glycerides and free fatty acids

saliva

Answer 1

lingual lipase

Question 2

lingual lipase uses which amino acids to initiate the breakdown process?

Answer 2

aspirate, histamine, and serine

Question 3

a substance that disperses fat into smaller droplets as part of the digestion process

Answer 3

emulsifier

Question 4

an enzyme secreted by cells in the stomach breaking down and digesting fats

Answer 4

gastric lipase

Question 5

bile acids produced in the liver and conjugated with the amino acids taurine or glycine that act to stabilize fats in the small intestine

Answer 5

bile salts

Question 6

What are the four ways that fatty acids enter the bloodstream?

Answer 6

exogenous, endogenous, reverse cholesterol transport, and ketogenesis

Question 7

Where do fats begin their breakdown? Through which mechanism?

Answer 7

In the mouth via chewing

Question 8

What acts as an emulsifier in the stomach to break down nutritional fats?

Answer 8

diglycerides

Question 9

What acts as an emulsifier in the small intestine?

Answer 9

bile salts

Question 10

What does the emulsification of lipids in the small intestine do?

Answer 10

increases the surface area of lipids by creating smaller droplets making them more accessible to the digestive enzymes

Question 11

What mixes in the small intestine to break down fats into free fatty acids and monoglycerides? How does this happen?

Answer 11

pancreatic lipase; breaks the bond between the fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 12

bile salts aiding in the transport through the small intestine that are released without crossing the membrane as the fatty acid is absorbed

Answer 12

micelles

Question 13

proteins bound to fat to transport lipids through the bloodstream

Answer 13

lipoproteins

Question 14

a droplet of fat that has been absorbed through the small intestine into the bloodstream or lymphatic fluid

Answer 14

chylomicron

Question 15

When fatty acids move through the walls of the digestive tract, they reassemble into what?

Answer 15

triglycerides

Question 16

Chylomicrons enter the _____________to be released into the bloodstream via the ____________ _____________. They transport nutritional fat to the ________ and other body tissues

Answer 16

lymphatic system; jugular vein; liver

Question 17

Esters of cholesterol, a slightly different chemical form of cholesterol that is less soluble in water

Answer 17

Cholesteryl esters

Question 18

When the body needs lipids or when liver stores are low, cholesteryl esters are converted to _________________ and exported through the ____________ pathway.

Answer 18

very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) complexes; endogenous

Question 19

Where are HDL cholesterol complexes made?

Answer 19

In the liver and the small intestine

Question 20

The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose molecules for energy

Answer 20

glycogenesis

Question 21

the process of breaking down fatty acids to produce ketone bodies and issued in certain circumstances for energy production

Answer 21

ketogenesis