Chapter 4 (Section B)

Question 1

The main storage unit of glucose that the body uses for energy.

Answer 1

glycogen

Question 2

Why is a steady supply of carbs needed throughout the day?

Answer 2

The body has a limited capacity for glucose storage.

Question 3

What is the total glycogen supply in the body?

Answer 3

1800 to 2600 calories

Question 4

What does the releasing and storing of glucose depend on (3)?

Answer 4

food ingested, time between eating, and shifting energy demands related to physical activity

Question 5

Which cells is glycogen primarily found in?

Answer 5

liver and muscle cells

Question 6

What does the livers supply of glycogen do (2)?

Answer 6

It’s used to regulate the blood sugar level and it is the main source of energy for the brain

Question 7

How much glucose can the brain use per day from the liver’s glycogen stores?

Answer 7

up to 400 calories per day

Question 8

water to glycogen ratio in the liver in ounces

Answer 8

3:1 ounces

Question 9

The act of chewing

Answer 9

mastication

Question 10

A mass of chewed food

Answer 10

bolus

Question 11

An enzyme found largely in saliva that breaks starch into simpler sugars

Answer 11

amylase

Question 12

A disaccharide that makes starches taste sweet

Answer 12

maltose

Question 13

Percentage of starches that are broken down in the mouth

Answer 13

5%

Question 14

the contraction and relaxation of the stomach mixes carbs into a substance called _________.

Answer 14

chyme

Question 15

Fingerlike projections on the inside surface of the intestines that absorb nutrients and secrete enzymes (name enzymes-3)

Answer 15

villi; lactase, maltase, sucrase

Question 16

From the mouth with _______ ________, the breakdown of starch continues in the small intestine with __________ __________.

Answer 16

salivary amylase; pancreatic amylase

Question 17

What do monosaccharides need to enter the bloodstream? What are they called

Answer 17

transport proteins; GLUT 1 to 12

Question 18

A hormone made by the pancreas that helps move glucose from the blood to the muscles and tissues.

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

Describe the effect of insulin on glucose uptake (4 steps):

Answer 19

Insulin binds to the cell membrane insulin receptor, the receptor in polarized by the phosphorylation of ATP energy, polarization activates the GLUT4 vesicle, the vesicle stimulates glucose transport with the GLUT4 membrane transport protein

Question 20

Monosaccharides are transported to the liver via:

Answer 20

hepatic portal vein

Question 21

What happens to galactose, fructose and glucose in the liver?

Answer 21

Galactose is converted to glucose, fructose is broken down, and glucose is stored as glycogen

Question 22

Which two organs regulate blood glucose levels?

Answer 22

liver and pancreas

Question 23

How long after a meal do blood glucose levels start to rise? When do they peak?

Answer 23

10-15 minutes, 60 minutes

Question 24

When blood glucose levels increase, insulin-secreting cells in the ____________ release _________ into the blood. Insulin acts as a _________, telling the body’s cells to absorb _________ from the blood. Cells take up the glucose and use it for energy production via __________.

Answer 24

pancreas; insulin; messenger; glucose; glycolysis

Question 25

A pancreatic messenger hormone that tells the calls to stop using glucose and to release it back into the bloodstream

Answer 25

Glucagon

Question 26

A state of low blood sugar levels

Answer 26

hypoglycemia