Chapter 4 (Section B) Flashcards
The main storage unit of glucose that the body uses for energy.
glycogen
Why is a steady supply of carbs needed throughout the day?
The body has a limited capacity for glucose storage.
What is the total glycogen supply in the body?
1800 to 2600 calories
What does the releasing and storing of glucose depend on (3)?
food ingested, time between eating, and shifting energy demands related to physical activity
Which cells is glycogen primarily found in?
liver and muscle cells
What does the livers supply of glycogen do (2)?
It’s used to regulate the blood sugar level and it is the main source of energy for the brain
How much glucose can the brain use per day from the liver’s glycogen stores?
up to 400 calories per day
water to glycogen ratio in the liver in ounces
3:1 ounces
The act of chewing
mastication
A mass of chewed food
bolus
An enzyme found largely in saliva that breaks starch into simpler sugars
amylase
A disaccharide that makes starches taste sweet
maltose
Percentage of starches that are broken down in the mouth
5%
the contraction and relaxation of the stomach mixes carbs into a substance called _________.
chyme
Fingerlike projections on the inside surface of the intestines that absorb nutrients and secrete enzymes (name enzymes-3)
villi; lactase, maltase, sucrase
From the mouth with _______ ________, the breakdown of starch continues in the small intestine with __________ __________.
salivary amylase; pancreatic amylase
What do monosaccharides need to enter the bloodstream? What are they called
transport proteins; GLUT 1 to 12
A hormone made by the pancreas that helps move glucose from the blood to the muscles and tissues.
insulin
Describe the effect of insulin on glucose uptake (4 steps):
Insulin binds to the cell membrane insulin receptor, the receptor in polarized by the phosphorylation of ATP energy, polarization activates the GLUT4 vesicle, the vesicle stimulates glucose transport with the GLUT4 membrane transport protein
Monosaccharides are transported to the liver via:
hepatic portal vein
What happens to galactose, fructose and glucose in the liver?
Galactose is converted to glucose, fructose is broken down, and glucose is stored as glycogen
Which two organs regulate blood glucose levels?
liver and pancreas
How long after a meal do blood glucose levels start to rise? When do they peak?
10-15 minutes, 60 minutes
When blood glucose levels increase, insulin-secreting cells in the ____________ release _________ into the blood. Insulin acts as a _________, telling the body’s cells to absorb _________ from the blood. Cells take up the glucose and use it for energy production via __________.
pancreas; insulin; messenger; glucose; glycolysis
