5.8

Question 1

labor unions

Answer 1

organizations of workers that had the right to bargain with employers to improve working conditions

Question 2

John Stuart Mill

Answer 2

Advocate for better working conditions for the poor and critique of laissez-faire economics. He wanted labor unions, limits on child labor, and safe working conditions

Question 3

utilitarianism

Answer 3

a method of thinking that sought to do the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people, rather than adhering to standard moral rules

Question 4

Karl Marx

Answer 4

German scholar and writer who argued for socialism. He published the Communist Manifesto and believed capitalism was an extension of feudalism, utopists wanted to escape the world instead of better it, and communism was the final stage in economic development.

Question 5

Friedrich Engels

Answer 5

the wealthy supporter of Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto

Question 6

Communist Manifesto

Answer 6

socialist pamphlet written by Karl Marx and funded by Friedrich Engels. It stated that capitalism was just an extension of feudalism and it divided society into proletariat and bourgeoisie classes and stated that communism was the final stage in economic development.

Question 7

proletariat

Answer 7

Karl Marx’s name for the working class

Question 8

bourgeoisie

Answer 8

Karl Marx’s name for the middle class, investors, and owners of factories

Question 9

means of production

Answer 9

machines, factories, mines, methods of producing goods

Question 10

communism

Answer 10

Karl Marx’s final stage of economic development in which class distinctions would disappear and everything would be shared.

Question 11

Mahmud II

Answer 11

Ottoman Sultan who reformed some of the Ottoman system. Reformed military and tax collection systems, built roads, and established government charities

Question 12

Tanzimat

Answer 12

Ottoman word for reorganization that refers to the changes in the Ottoman Empire following Mahmud II. Included reform of education systems and the development of new laws.

Question 13

Hatt-i Humayun

Answer 13

Ottoman Reform Edict that declared equality for all men regardless of education, religion, or ethnicity and regulated millets

Question 14

millets

Answer 14

legal courts established by separate ethnic and religious groups under the Ottoman Empire

Question 15

Self-Strengthening Movement

Answer 15

China’s reform movement that restructured the government, increased manufacturing, and raised money for China to pay back debts

Question 16

Emporer Guangxu

Answer 16

Emporer who initiated the Hundred Days of Reform at the urging of civil service clubs

Question 17

Hundred Days of Reform

Answer 17

initiated by Emporer Guangxu at the urging of civil service clubs, this included the abolition of the civil service exam, elimination of corruption, and establishment of westernized industrial systems.

Question 18

Empress Dowager Cixi

Answer 18

Conservative aunt of Emporer Guangxu who opposed the Hundred Days of Reform, she imprisoned him and repealed the reforms until it became evident China would not survive without them, and re-instated the reforms

Question 19

bushido

Answer 19

samurai code of conduct that became obsolete when the samurai were paid off and illegalized by industrial Japan

Question 20

genros

Answer 20

elder statesmen and frequently former samurais in the Japanese government

Question 21

socialism

Answer 21

similar to communism, this calls for social ownership of means of production and wealth