3.1 Flashcards
European, East Asian, and Gunpowder Empires Expand
Gunpowder Empires
empires that used gunpowder to conquer and control territories. Included Russia and the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires.
Gutenberg printing press
invented by the Europeans, allowed for expanded literacy and information
Ivan IV
Also known as Ivan the Terrible. Crowned tsar and then took over Khanates east of Russia still held by the descendants of the Golden Hoard using gunpowder. Hired peasant warriors called Cossacks to fight the Siberian Khan to take control of the Volga River, which gave them access to more trade. Created the oprachina to fight the boyars, who he believed killed his mother and wife. Famously killed his own son.
Ming Dynasty
The dynasty that overthrew the Mongol Yuan and stabilized China. Expanded until Ming Emporer was taken prisoner by Mongols. Expanded and rebuilt the Great Wall of China.
Manchu
people who seized control of the Ming Dynasty and established the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
Overthrew the Ming by the Manchu people. Saw Emporers Kangxi and Qianlong. Needed funds after some failed expansions and sold exclusive trading rights to Europe. Became corrupt at one point and raised taxes, and the White Lotus Rebellion tried to fight back but the government killed many in their rebellion.
Emporer Kangxi
Chinese Emporer during the Qing Dynasty. Expanded, established Tibet as a protectorate which it still is today.
Emporer Qianlong
Lost money on attempted invasions into Burma and Vietnam. Annexed Xinjiang, the land of the Uighurs, who never fully recovered or fully assimilated to Chinese culture.
ghazi ideal
model Islamic warrior of gunpowder empires. blended the ideal of cooperative values from nomadic cultures with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam.
Tamerlane
AKA Timer the Lame, he was a Mongol-Turkic ruler who claimed to be descended from Genghis Khan to gain control. From Samarkand, he conquered much of Central Asia violently using gunpowder. Allowed for Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires to arise. ENcouraged learning and literature and protected the Silk Roads, but had no effective government so it collapsed.
Ottoman Empire
Lasted and was ruled by the Osman Dynasty for 600 years from the 1300s to its defeat in WW1. Islamic Empire that ruled from Turkey to Europe and parts of North Africa and Southwest Asia. COnquered Constantinople of the crumbling Byzantine Empire, changed its name to Istanbul, and made it the capital. Conquered and forced taxes from many places, including modern-day Egypt, Algeria, Israel, and Syria. Became an Islamic center of learning after the decline of the Mamluks. Tried to conquer Venice and failed several times but scared Europeans. Adhered to Sunni Islam, and fought with the Safavid Empire over this and trade routes. Eventually faced weak sultans and didn’t modernize its army so it fell to Europeans.
Suleiman I
Great ruler of the Ottoman Empire, conquered Hungary and tried to get Venice. Took North African Tripoli and the island of Rhodes from Christian knights.
Ismail
Started in Iran, conquered much of Persia and Iraq at 14, and became shah of the Safavid Empire
shah
Safavid version of king or emperor
Safavid Empire
Expanded by Ismail. Had no good navy or natural defenses, rose to power via land military and strong leadership. Pressed Christian boys into the military. Adhered to Shi’a Islam, and fought with the Ottoman Empire over this and trade routes. Wear rulers ruined the economy and internal rebellion made it weak to invasion and conquering by the Ottomans and Russians, leading to its demise.
