1.6

Question 1

feudalism

Answer 1

decentralized political organization in which a king gave fiefs (sections of land) to a lord, and the lord then became his vassal or a person who owed loyalty to him. lords then did the same to knights. peasants lived on land and paid tribute n food.

Question 2

manors

Answer 2

large fiefs or estates

Question 3

manorial system

Answer 3

the manor and the village on its grounds were self-sufficient with little to no trade or outside contact. serfs lived there

Question 4

serfs

Answer 4

peasants tied to the land of a manor, although not enslaved. received protection in exchange for tribute. could not travel or marry without the lord’s permission

Question 5

three-field system

Answer 5

crops were rotated between used to grow food, growing plants that would make the soil richer, and empty

Question 6

Estates-General

Answer 6

a body to advise the French king made up of the three estates: commoners, nobles, and clergymen. Failed because nobles and clergymen did not have to pay taxes and thus didn’t care about the government

Question 7

estates

Answer 7

French legal classes

Question 8

Otto 1

Answer 8

Emporer of the Holy Roman Empire in 962

Question 9

lay investiture controversy

Answer 9

over if a secular leader could invest bishops with the symbols of office instead of a pope. resolved when the Church received autonomy from secular authorities

Question 10

Magna Carta

Answer 10

a document English nobles forced King John to sign which gave the nobles more rights, such as the right to a trial before a jury. did not help common people get rights

Question 11

English Parliament

Answer 11

formed in 1265. The House of Lords represented nobles, House of Commoners had representatives of wealthy townspeople. They became more powerful than any bureaucracy on the European continent.

Question 12

Great Schism

Answer 12

splitting of the Christian Church into two: the Roman Catholic Church which still dominated Europe and the Orthodox Church which was more powerful in the East, like Greece and Russia

Question 13

primogeniture

Answer 13

the eldest son inherited the entire estate, leaving behind a generation of younger sons with no land or wealth

Question 14

The Crusades

Answer 14

European military campaigns in the Middle East were based on a religious desire to reclaim holy lands, an economic desire to control trade routes, and the social pressure of bored younger sons and raiding peasants

Question 15

Marco Polo

Answer 15

Italian who visited Beijing and found all sorts of things Europe had never seen (ex. multiple marriages, coal), stimulating European interest in Asia and interest in cartography

Question 16

bourgeoise

Answer 16

people in the growing French middle-class based on long-distance trade. included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople

Question 17

burghers

Answer 17

people in the growing German middle-class based on long-distance trade. included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople

Question 18

Little Ice Age

Answer 18

500-year period of cold that reduced agricultural productivity, raising unemployment and disease. This led to social unrest, and many problems were blamed on the Jews

Question 19

antisemitism

Answer 19

anti-Jewish sentiment. widespread amongst Christians, Jews were often seen as outsiders and untrustworthy and were expelled from many European countries, causing them to move to Eastern Europe and their numbers to grow

Question 20

humanism

Answer 20

focus on individuals rather than God. encouraged education and reform

Question 21

Renaissance

Answer 21

caused by the expansion of trade, rising middle class, and agricultural surpluses. revival of European interest in Greek and Roman literature, art, culture, and civic virtue. manuscripts were recovered and printed on the new movable printing press. fostered literacy and scholarship.