2.2

Question 1

Mongols

Answer 1

began as nomadic herders and experienced horseback riders in Central Asia, shaped by a harsh landscape. Led by Genghis Khan after he took over neighboring tribes and amassed enough power to be elected Great Khan of the empire. Known for their ruthlessness and brutality, many surrendered before they even arrived. Largest continuous land-based empire ever. Had intense military skill and discipline, used innovative strategies, and took innovations and skilled people from places they conquered to assimilate them into their own culture. Countries under the Mongol Empire often prospered. Used a single international law for their Empire that affected society after their decline. Women had many rights and wore the same leather pants as men to horseride. Eventually, the empire declined due to a lack of ferocity several generations later.

Question 2

Gobi Desert

Answer 2

desert in East Asia

Question 3

khan

Answer 3

king, often of a Mongol tribe

Question 4

kurultai

Answer 4

gathering of Mongolian chieftains. they elected Genghis Khan as the khan of the Mongol Empire at one

Question 5

Genghis Khan

Answer 5

The name Temujin took (means “ruler of all”) when his ruthlessness and power-hungry nature paid off and he became the great khan of the Mongol Empire

Question 6

khanate

Answer 6

kingdom of a khan

Question 7

siege weapons

Answer 7

weapons used for siege warfare like portable towers and catapults

Question 8

Pax Mongolica

Answer 8

period of peace during the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan established new trade routes, and constructed a city and government based on what Chinese and Islamic scholars told him to do. His soldiers protected trade routes and the Silk Roads. It was very liberal and countries under Mongol rule experienced liberal religious tolerance and extreme prosperity.

Question 9

Uyghur alphabet

Answer 9

Alphabet Genghis Khan had a scribe to create to unite the Mongol Empire, but it failed, although it is still used in Mongolia today

Question 10

Batu

Answer 10

Son of Khan’s oldest son, he led the Golden Hoard and conquered much of Russia and parts of Western Europe and the Hungarians before he returned home to see to the matter of the Mongol succession and lost interest in continuing conquering.

Question 11

Golden Hoard

Answer 11

elite army of Batu

Question 12

Moscow

Answer 12

Russian city that collected more tribute in addition to the tribute the Mongols demanded to set aside the money to build a Russian army that would eventually free the Russians from Mongolian rule

Question 13

Hulegu

Answer 13

grandson of Genghis Khan who conquered much of southwest Asia, including the Abbasid Caliphate, and destroyed Baghdad. Defeated by the Mamluks and Christians when they allied to stop the Mongols.

Question 14

Il-khanate

Answer 14

Hulegu’s empire. Mongols ruled, but Persians served local officials. Religiously tolerant at first, but after Hulegu and other Mongols living there converted to Islam, they supported massacres of Christians and Muslims

Question 15

Kublai Khan

Answer 15

grandson of Genghis Khan who became Great Khan and conquered China after many years of trying. Established the Yuan Dynasty in China

Question 16

Yuan Dynasty

Answer 16

started when Kublai Khan conquered China. Rebuilt the capital the Mongols had previously destroyed, established a policy of religious tolerance, and improved Chinese trade. Many Chinese initially enjoyed Mongol rule. However, eventually, the Mongols alienated the Chinese by hiring foreign government officials and separating themselves from the Chinese, leading to the Mongols failing to expand the empire further and getting overtaken by the Chinese.

Question 17

White Lotus Society

Answer 17

Secret Chinese society that organized the end of the Yuan Dynasty

Question 18

Zhu Yuanzhang

Answer 18

Chinese Buddhist monk from a peasant family who led the revolt against the Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming Dynasty

Question 19

Ming Dynasty

Answer 19

Dynasty that followed the Yuan Dynasty after the Chinese rebelled and regained power from the Mongols

Question 20

bubonic plauge

Answer 20

disease termed the Black Death that fleas carried, Mongols brought it with them on their conquests

Question 21

cannon

Answer 21

a Mongol siege weapon cobbled from a mix of Chinese gunpowder, Muslim flamethrowers, and European bell-casting techniques