5.1

Question 1

Enlightenment

Answer 1

rise of ideals of individualism, reason, and freedom over community ideals, tradition, and concentrated rule. Planted the seeds of revolution

Question 2

nationalism

Answer 2

feelings of intense loyalty to one’s shared language and culture

Question 3

Empiricism

Answer 3

knowledge that comes from experiences or sensed data rather than reliance on religion.

Question 4

John Locke

Answer 4

creator of social contract, enlightenment thinker, believed in “tabula rasa”

Question 5

social contract

Answer 5

the idea that the government and its people were in a contract in which people gave up some rights in exchange for protections, but people also had the responsibility to rebel against a corrupt government

Question 6

tabula rasa

Answer 6

means “blank slate,” john locke’s idea that people are born as a blank slate and that their environment and education would determine their intelligence and personality, not their ancestry

Question 7

philosophes

Answer 7

group of Enlightenment thinkers and writers who explored Enlightenment and scientific topics and popularized them.

Question 8

Baron Montesquieu

Answer 8

philosophe who praised Britain’s use of checks and balances and separation of powers, would lead to how Americans would use checks and balances

Question 9

Voltaire

Answer 9

French writer and satirist who advocated for civil liberties and religious freedom while still appreciating the monarchy

Question 10

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 10

expanded on the social contract and ideas of child-rearing and education. He believed it was the sovereign’s job to carry out the “General Will” of a population and he inspired many revolutionaries

Question 11

Adam Smith

Answer 11

Author of The Wealth of Nations, supported laissez-faire, believed the “invisible hand” would guide the economy without government intervention, kind of invented capitalism

Question 12

The Wealth of Nations

Answer 12

Book written by Adam Smith about where nations got their wealth, called for less mercantilism and free trade.

Question 13

laissez-faire

Answer 13

system of thought that demanded governments not affect the economy and instead leave it largely alone

Question 14

capitalism

Answer 14

the economy is guided by an “invisible hand,” this is an economic system in which methods of production are privately owned and operated for profit

Question 15

Deism

Answer 15

the belief that God set the world in motion but does not interfere in its day-to-day running. Still believe in regular church attendance

Question 16

Thomas Paine

Answer 16

Deist and advocate for liberty from Britain.

Question 17

Conservatism

Answer 17

the belief in traditional institutions, that reliance on practical experience is better than ideological political theories.

Question 18

socialism

Answer 18

the idea that there should be public worker ownership of everything, everything should be shared equally, including work and benefits.

Question 19

utopian socialists

Answer 19

people who believed society would be best if organized into ideal socialist communities

Question 20

Henry de Saint-Simon

Answer 20

Thought that scientists and engineers working together with businesses could provide jobs and create amazing things. Advocated for public works that would create employment, like the Suez Canal, which France undertook.

Question 21

Charles Fourier

Answer 21

Believed work should be made more enjoyable. He though harmonious living in communities was better than the class system.

Question 22

Robert Owen

Answer 22

established international communities that educated children who worked, and believed in communal ownership and communal rules to govern work, education, and leisure time.

Question 23

Fabian Society

Answer 23

gradual socialists in England who believed society could be reformed through parliament

Question 24

classical liberalism

Answer 24

belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches. Persued political change like increased male suffrage in Britain.

Question 25

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 25

Female writer who argued that women deserved the same rights to vote, education, and ability to participate in professional society as men. Instrumental in gaining women the right to vote.

Question 26

Abolitionism

Answer 26

the movement to end the slave trade and free all enslaved people.

Question 27

Zionism

Answer 27

The Jewish belief that they needed to re-establish a homeland to be safe from anti-semitism. Led by Theodor Herzl. Wanted land in the Ottoman Empire, this became a religious conflict since the people there were Muslim. Eventually, Israel was founded.

Question 28

anti-semitism

Answer 28

hostility towards jews

Question 29

Theodor Herzl

Answer 29

Zionist leader

Question 30

Dreyfus Affair

Answer 30

A Jewish military officer was accused of treason based on false documents made by anti-semitists. He was pardoned, but it brought support for Zionism and attention to anti-semitism

Question 31

feminism

Answer 31

movement for women’s rights and equality. Based on enlightenment ideals, it called for suffrage and other rights.