3.3 Flashcards
Empires: Belief Systems
Martin Luther
German monk who claimed several Church practices were not aligned with Biblical teachings. Nailed his 95 Theses to the Church door and argued that faith alone, for men and women (advanced their status), could help a person reach God
indulgences
selling someone absolution from their sins
simony
the selling of church offices
95 Theses
Martin Luther’s list of the Catholic Church’s offenses
John Calvin
French theologian who broke with the Catholic Church and started the Protestant Reformation. Followers called themselves Huguenots. Believed in predestination of the elect. His followers purified the church through hard work ethic and obedience to God, and would later become the Puritans in Boston
elect
those predestined to go to heaven
predestined
having already been destined by God to go to heaven (still had to work hard and be obedient to God)
Puritans
Offshoot of John Cavin’s followers in Boston, hard workers and obedient to God, also believed in predestination
Protestant Reformation
Started by Calvinists. Reform of the church by emphasizing hard work, reinvestment of profits into the church, and obedience. Righteous living earned secular leadership.
Henry VIII
Got a promotion. Caused a commotion. He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn to have a son but the Pope said no to annulling his current marriage out of fear of alienating Charles V the emporer of the Holy Roman Empire, so Henry got permission from parliament to set himself up as the head of the new Church of England/Anglican Church free from the pope.
Anne Boleyn
Woman Henry VIII wanted to marry
Charles V
powerful emporer of the Holy Roman Empire that the pope was worried about alienating and thus did not annul Henry VIII’s marriage
Anglican Church
Also called the Church of England, Henry VIII started it and it was not under the control of the Roman pope.
Holy Synod
Russian group of clergymen that Peter the Great put in place instead of a church patriarch so he could incorporate the church into the government and gain more control
Counter-Reformation
Catholic way to fight against the protestant reformation. Allowed Catholicism to stay dominant in Western Europe (France, Spain)and later be the religion that spread to the colonies.
Inquisition
Counter-Reformation practice, the Catholic Church rooted out non-believers and punished them, authorizing torture
Jesuits
Society of Jesus who opposed the protestant reformation and were missionaries to Spain, Japan, and India
Council of Trent
Corrected the Catholic Church’s abuses and reaffirmed positive rituals. Also banned the writings of Copernicus and the protestant Bible
Philip II
Took over from Charles V as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Tried to conquer and convert England back to Catholicism.
Spanish Armada
Spanish naval fleet beaten by the English Navy when Spain tried to conquer England
Peace of Augsburg
Resulted from battle between the Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire. Allowed each German state’s ruler to choose if they would be Catholic or Lutheran, and then the entire state and its churches needed to convert. Many people moved states.
Edict of Nantes
After Catholics and Huguenots fought in France for a long time, Henry IV became catholic but issued this to allow religious tolerance for the Huguenots. When it was revoked later, France struggled socially and economically.
Thirty Years’ War
Started in the Holy Roman Empire and slowly spread across Europe. War over Catholicism vs. Calvinism, resulted in great damage because troops were allowed to loot and famine and disease. Ended by Peace of Westphalia
Peace of Westphalia
Ended the Thirty Years’ War by saying that each area in Europe could choose between Catholicism, Calvinism, and Lutheranism. It granted them more autonomy. England went Protestant, France, Italy, and Spain went Catholic.
shariah
Strict Islamic law that deals with all aspects of life, including criminal justice, martial law, and inheritance.
Sikhism
Branch of Hinduism that may have been influenced by Sufi Islam. It was monotheistic and recognized other religions as allowed to exist, so it became very popular (5th in the world by the 21st century)
empiricism
Method of thinking developed by English scientist Francis Bacon that insisted on the collection of data to back a hypothesis. This helped scientists challenge traditional ideals with true ideas and would influence the Enlightenment
