3.3

Question 1

Martin Luther

Answer 1

German monk who claimed several Church practices were not aligned with Biblical teachings. Nailed his 95 Theses to the Church door and argued that faith alone, for men and women (advanced their status), could help a person reach God

Question 2

indulgences

Answer 2

selling someone absolution from their sins

Question 3

simony

Answer 3

the selling of church offices

Question 4

95 Theses

Answer 4

Martin Luther’s list of the Catholic Church’s offenses

Question 5

John Calvin

Answer 5

French theologian who broke with the Catholic Church and started the Protestant Reformation. Followers called themselves Huguenots. Believed in predestination of the elect. His followers purified the church through hard work ethic and obedience to God, and would later become the Puritans in Boston

Question 6

elect

Answer 6

those predestined to go to heaven

Question 7

predestined

Answer 7

having already been destined by God to go to heaven (still had to work hard and be obedient to God)

Question 8

Puritans

Answer 8

Offshoot of John Cavin’s followers in Boston, hard workers and obedient to God, also believed in predestination

Question 9

Protestant Reformation

Answer 9

Started by Calvinists. Reform of the church by emphasizing hard work, reinvestment of profits into the church, and obedience. Righteous living earned secular leadership.

Question 10

Henry VIII

Answer 10

Got a promotion. Caused a commotion. He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn to have a son but the Pope said no to annulling his current marriage out of fear of alienating Charles V the emporer of the Holy Roman Empire, so Henry got permission from parliament to set himself up as the head of the new Church of England/Anglican Church free from the pope.

Question 11

Anne Boleyn

Answer 11

Woman Henry VIII wanted to marry

Question 12

Charles V

Answer 12

powerful emporer of the Holy Roman Empire that the pope was worried about alienating and thus did not annul Henry VIII’s marriage

Question 13

Anglican Church

Answer 13

Also called the Church of England, Henry VIII started it and it was not under the control of the Roman pope.

Question 14

Holy Synod

Answer 14

Russian group of clergymen that Peter the Great put in place instead of a church patriarch so he could incorporate the church into the government and gain more control

Question 15

Counter-Reformation

Answer 15

Catholic way to fight against the protestant reformation. Allowed Catholicism to stay dominant in Western Europe (France, Spain)and later be the religion that spread to the colonies.

Question 16

Inquisition

Answer 16

Counter-Reformation practice, the Catholic Church rooted out non-believers and punished them, authorizing torture

Question 17

Jesuits

Answer 17

Society of Jesus who opposed the protestant reformation and were missionaries to Spain, Japan, and India

Question 18

Council of Trent

Answer 18

Corrected the Catholic Church’s abuses and reaffirmed positive rituals. Also banned the writings of Copernicus and the protestant Bible

Question 19

Philip II

Answer 19

Took over from Charles V as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Tried to conquer and convert England back to Catholicism.

Question 20

Spanish Armada

Answer 20

Spanish naval fleet beaten by the English Navy when Spain tried to conquer England

Question 21

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 21

Resulted from battle between the Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire. Allowed each German state’s ruler to choose if they would be Catholic or Lutheran, and then the entire state and its churches needed to convert. Many people moved states.

Question 22

Edict of Nantes

Answer 22

After Catholics and Huguenots fought in France for a long time, Henry IV became catholic but issued this to allow religious tolerance for the Huguenots. When it was revoked later, France struggled socially and economically.

Question 23

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 23

Started in the Holy Roman Empire and slowly spread across Europe. War over Catholicism vs. Calvinism, resulted in great damage because troops were allowed to loot and famine and disease. Ended by Peace of Westphalia

Question 24

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 24

Ended the Thirty Years’ War by saying that each area in Europe could choose between Catholicism, Calvinism, and Lutheranism. It granted them more autonomy. England went Protestant, France, Italy, and Spain went Catholic.

Question 25

shariah

Answer 25

Strict Islamic law that deals with all aspects of life, including criminal justice, martial law, and inheritance.

Question 26

Sikhism

Answer 26

Branch of Hinduism that may have been influenced by Sufi Islam. It was monotheistic and recognized other religions as allowed to exist, so it became very popular (5th in the world by the 21st century)

Question 27

empiricism

Answer 27

Method of thinking developed by English scientist Francis Bacon that insisted on the collection of data to back a hypothesis. This helped scientists challenge traditional ideals with true ideas and would influence the Enlightenment