Week 2 (Revision Optimised) Flashcards
1
Q
Outline the processes of DNA Damge
A
MNRB
2
Q
Outline the processes of DNA repair
A
MRNERBER + (H/NH)
3
Q
When are the three checkpoints during the cell cycle?
A
G1 -> S: Is all DNA intact?
G2 -> M: Is DNA replicated?
Metaphase -> Are chromosomes aligned on equator?
4
Q
Describe the action of the p53 gene
A
Induces suppresion of CDK inhibitor p21, which arrests the cell cycle at G1 -> S
5
Q
Recall the eight hallmarks of cellular ageing
A
- Senescence
- Telomere shortening
- DNA damage
- Epigenetic drift
- Stem cell exhaustion
- Deregulated nutrient sensing
- Inflammaging
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
6
Q
What are the different kinds of ligands
A
- Water-soluble
- Hydrophobic
- Other molecules
7
Q
What are the five changes that cells can make in response to stress?
A
- Hypertrophy
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
- Hyperplasia
- Dysplasia
8
Q
What cells arise from the ectoderm?
A
- Neuron
- Epithelia
9
Q
What cells arise from the mesoderm?
A
- RBCs
- Cardiomyocytes
10
Q
What cells arise from the endoderm?
A
- Liver cells
- Pancreas cells
11
Q
What are the five kinds of cell junctions?
A
- Tight junctions
- Gap junctions
- Hemidesmosomes
- Desmosomes
- Adherens junctions
