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Foundations Of Medicine > 6.6 - The Skeleton & Bone Tissue - Bone and Bone Tissue Structure > Flashcards

6.6 - The Skeleton & Bone Tissue - Bone and Bone Tissue Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A
  • Compact/cortical
  • Spongy/trabecular
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2
Q

Where is cortical/compact bone often found within a bone?

A

On the outer edge (think: cortical -> cortex -> outer)

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3
Q

Which type of bone contains osteons, and which contains trabeculae?

A

Osteons: Cortical/compact
Trabeculae: Trabecular/Spongy

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4
Q

What are two consequences of the structure of trabecular/spongy bone?

A
  • Can absorb force from multiple directions
  • Contains space for red (active) bone marrow
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5
Q

What is a tendon vs ligament?

A

Ligament: Bone-Bone
Tendon: Muscle-Ligament

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6
Q

What is diaphysis? What is it made of ?

A
  • Shaft
  • Made of compact bone
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7
Q

What is epiphysis? What is it made of?

A
  • End of bone
  • Made of trabecular/spongy bone
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8
Q

What is metaphysis? What is it made of?

A
  • Between epiphysis and diaphysis
  • Made of trabecular/spongy bone
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9
Q

What is another name for epiphyseal plates?

A

Growth plates

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10
Q

When do we use the term “epiphyseal line” vs “epiphyseal plate”

A

Plate: Child
Line: Adult

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11
Q

Where is the medullary cavity located within a long bone? What does it contain?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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12
Q

Where is articular cartilage located on long boens? What type of cartilage is it?

A

Located on the epiphysis of long bones. Made of hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Tough outer fibrous membrane covering bone

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14
Q

What is the function of the periosteum? Does the periostuem cover articular cartilage?

A

Function:
- Protects vessels and nerves that nourish bone
- Anchors muscle to bone

NO. It does not cover articular cartilage

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15
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Thin, delicate membrane lining medullary cavity

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16
Q

What is the function of the endosteum?

A

Maintain cellular composition of bone during remodelling

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17
Q

What tissues comprise bone?

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Blood
  • Lymph
  • Nerves
  • Fat
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18
Q

What are the four kinds of cells present in bone?

A
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoprogenitor
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19
Q

What organic components give bone its strength?

A

Collagen fibres

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20
Q

What inorganic components give bones its strength?

A

Mineral salts

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21
Q

Which cells create the organic components of the bone extracellular matrix?

A

Osteoblasts

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22
Q

How does inorganic matter make bone hard?

A

Calcium and phoshorous salts are harvested from surrounding blood, and form crystals with collagen fibres, strengthening the bone.

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23
Q

What does “progenitor” mean?

A

The beginning of something

24
Q

What type of cells are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Stem cells

25
Q

What three types of cells can osteoprogenitors become before they differentiate into a bone cell? What type of stem cell is this?

A
  • Adipocyte
  • Chrondocyte
  • Osteocyte

This is a mesenchymal stem cell.

26
Q

Which are the only kinds of bone cells that can undergo mitosis?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

27
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A
  • Synthesises and deposits the organic bone matrix (collagen fibres)
  • Initiates calcification using inorganic substances
28
Q

Where are osteoblasts located?

A

Along the surface/edges of the bone (under periosteum and endosteum)

29
Q

Under what circumstances do osteoblasts become osteocytes?

A

When they bury themselves in their own bone deposit

30
Q

What is the name given to the cavity in which the cell body of an osteocyte is present?

A

Lacunae

31
Q

What are the canals that osteocyte fingers run through called?

A

Canaliculi

32
Q

Which three bone cell types all come from the same lineage (i.e. same original cell)?

A

Osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoprogenitor cell

33
Q

Provide a basic description of an osteoclast

A

An osteoclast is a cell formed by the fusion of multiple macrophages, and has the capacity to produce enzymes that can break down bone.

34
Q

Why do osteoclasts have a ruffled basal surface?

A

This provides a suction zone, enabling the cell to deposit lysosomal enzymes into the bone without these enzymes leaking out into the environment.

35
Q

What pits do osteoclasts create?

A

Resorption pits

36
Q

What is the name of the bony struts found in the spongy/trabecular bone?

A

Trabeculae

37
Q

What is another name for osteons?

A

Haversian systems

38
Q

What is contained within haversian canals?

A

Blood vessels, nerves etc.

39
Q

What are concentric lamellae?

A

‘Layers’ of bone ‘rings’ around the haversian/central canal

40
Q

What are the four components of an osteon?

A
  1. Haversian/central canal
  2. Concentric lamellae
  3. Lacunae
  4. Canaliculi
41
Q

What are volkmann’s canals? Which type of bone are they found in?

A
  • Horizontal Haversian canals
  • Connect adjacent osteons
  • Found in compact bone
42
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

Old osteons no longer containing a haversian canal.

43
Q

True of false: there are no interstitial lamellae in spongy/trabecular bone

A

False. There is only interstitial lamellae.

44
Q

Why are osteoclasts able to travel through the bloodstream?

A

They are derived from hematopoietic stem cells; they are made of multiple white blood cells, and are present in peripheral blood.

45
Q

Why doesn’t trabecular bone need haversian canals?

A

There is red bone marrow in the trabecular bone; when blood is produced in this bone marrow, it provides all the nutrients required for the cell.

46
Q

List some functions of cartilage

A
  • Maintaining shape
  • Resists compression and stretch; shock absorption
  • Smooth surface to minimise friction
47
Q

What are the two types of cells in cartilage?

A
  • Chondroblast
  • Chondrocyte
48
Q

How are chondral cells similar to bone cells?

A

Same principle applies when transitioning from blast -> cyte

49
Q

Why don’t chondrocytes need canaliculi?

A

Cartilage retains water and nutrients in its rubbery extracellular matrix

50
Q

What are the main components of the cartilage extracellular matrix?

A
  • Collagen Type 2
  • Chondroitin
51
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

52
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic
53
Q

Generally speaking, where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Areas with not a lot of movement, but that require a lot of strength

54
Q

What type of bundles/fibres can be found in fibrocartilage?

A

Collagen type 2 bundles/fibres

55
Q

What type of fibres can be found in elastic collagen?

A

Elastic fibres

56
Q

Where could we find elastic cartilage?

A

Epiglottis, external ear

57
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Provides flexible support; maintains shape

Foundations Of Medicine (98 decks)

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