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Foundations Of Medicine > 7.5 Growth Hormones and Gonadotropins > Flashcards

7.5 Growth Hormones and Gonadotropins Flashcards

1
Q

What is the target organ of growth hormone? What does it release in response?

A

Liver. Releases insulin-like growth factor.

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2
Q

Why isn’t getting fat necessarily the same as growing?

A

Growth necessitates net synthesis of proteins

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3
Q

How does cortisol influence protein synthesis?

A

Decreases it

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4
Q

Is foetal development influenced by growth hormones?

A

No; just placental hormones (GH-independent)

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5
Q

What type of hormone is growth hormone?

A

Peptide hormone

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6
Q

Which hypophysiotropic hormones regulate growth hormone secretion?

A
  • GHRH
  • GHIH
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7
Q

List some tissues that GH targets

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Bone
  • Adipose
  • Liver (primary site)
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8
Q

How does IGF influence GH secretion? How does it do this?

A
  • Decreases GH secretion
  • Increases GHIH secretion
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9
Q

What is another name for IGF-1? Where is it released? What does it do?

A
  • IGF-1 = Somatomedin
  • Released by liver
  • Causes growth of bone and soft tissue
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10
Q

What do somatomedins promote? What type of hormones are they?

A

Peptide hormones that promote cell division

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11
Q

Are somatomedins only produced in the liver? What type of messaging do they use?

A
  • No, they can be produced in other tissues
  • Known to exert autocrine and paracrine effect in some instances (e.g. bone growth)
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12
Q

What is the relationship between IGF-1 and apoptosis

A

IGF-1 inhibits apoptosis

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13
Q

What is IGF-2?

A

Growth hormone that is preferentially expressed during embryonic development

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14
Q

Summarise JAK/STAT transduction

A
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15
Q

What factors influence growth?

A
  • Nutrition
  • Genetics
  • Stress
  • Growth hormones
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16
Q

When are the largest bursts of growth hormone in a 24 hour period?

A

During sleep

17
Q

Where are somatomedins produced?

A

Liver (somatomedin = IGFs)

18
Q

What type of changes can JAK/STAT transduction due to growth hormone binding produce?

A
  • Metabolic changes
  • Changes in gene transcription
19
Q

What effect does growth hormone have on proteins

A

Increase synthesis, decrease degradation

20
Q

What effect does growth hormone have on fat? How does this affect the level of free fatty acids in the blood?

A

Increases lipolysis (increasing blood free fatty acids)

21
Q

What effect does growth hormone have on hepatic gluconeogenesis?

A

Increase

22
Q

How does growth hormone decrease the amount of glucose going into muscles? What do they use instead of glucose? How does this influence blood sugar?

A
  • Decreases insulin sensitivity
  • Muscles use fatty acids
  • Increased blood glucose
23
Q

Effect of growth hormone on number/size of cells

A

Promotes hyperplasia and hypertrophy

24
Q

List the effects of GH on bone growth

A
  • Increased proliferation of periosteal osteoblasts (^ Thickness)
  • Increased proliferation of epiphysial cartilage (and conversion of cartilage to bone)
  • Increased bone remodelling
25
Q

What secondary messenger do the gonads act on?

A

cAMP (same as kidney tubules with ADH/vasopressin)

26
Q

Role of LH in males

A

Stimulates testosterone secretion

27
Q

Role of FSH in males

A

Stimulates sperm production

28
Q

Role of LH in females

A

Acute Surge: Ovulation
Maintains corpus luteum

29
Q

Role of FSH in females

A
  • Promotes follicle development
  • Induces LH receptors on dominant follicle
  • Stimulates estrogen secretion from follicles
30
Q

Are androgens steroid hormones?

A

Indeed

31
Q

Gigantism vs acromegaly

A

Gigantism: childhood
Acromegaly: after adolescence

32
Q

What is the cause of gigantism?

A

Pituitary tumour/adenoma and hyperplasia in pituitary

33
Q

Draw a mech of the action of growth hormone. Work out what potential issues could cause dwarfism

A
  • Social/psychological
  • Lack of GHRH
  • Lack of somatottrophs
  • Lack of GH receptors
  • IGF secretion/production impaired
34
Q

What is the difference between the ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual: Uterus
Ovarian: Ovaries

35
Q

what is it called when ovarian follicles die off?

A

Atresia

36
Q

Which structure releases inhibin? What does it do?

A

Released by corpus luteum, inhibits release of LH and FSH

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