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Foundations Of Medicine > 2.10 Tissue Level of Organisation - Epithelial; Connective; Muscle; Nervous Tissues > Flashcards

2.10 Tissue Level of Organisation - Epithelial; Connective; Muscle; Nervous Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Epithilium classification: number of layers

A

One layer: simple
>1 layers: stratified

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2
Q

Epithilium classification: cell shape on apical surface

A

Flat: squamous
Cube-like: Cuboidal
Column-like: Columnal

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3
Q

Common function of simple squamous epithilium

A
  • Lines blood vessels and air sacs of lungs
  • Permits exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases
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4
Q

Common function of simple cuboidal epithilium

A
  • Lines kidney tubules and glands
  • Secretes and reabsorbs water and small molecules
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5
Q

Common function of Simple columnar epithilium. Therefore, where would it commonly be located?

A
  • Lines most digestive organs
  • Absorbs nutrients, produces mucus (have microvilli)
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6
Q

Common function of stratified squamous epithilium

A
  • Outer layer of skin, mouth, vagina
  • Protects against abrasion, drying out, infection
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7
Q

Common function of stratified cuboidal epithilium

A
  • Lines ducts of sweat glands
  • Secretes water and ions
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8
Q

Common function of stratified/psuedostratified columnar epithilium

A
  • Lines epididymus, mammary glands, larynx
  • Secretes mucus
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9
Q

What are the two types of epithelium?

A
  • Surface: covers and lines the inside and outside surfaces of the body
  • Glandular: produces a secretion
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10
Q

What type of epithelium is endothelium? What is its function?

A
  • Simple squamous
  • It is found in the cardiovascular and lymphatic system, since its smooth internal structure allows flow of fluids. It’s thinness allows for easy exchange of substances.
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11
Q

What type of epithelium is mesothelium? What is it’s function?

A

-Simple squamous, with thicker layer of connective tissue than endothelium.
- It is a lubricated surface, and is located in our pleura, decreasing the friction between our lungs and rib cage.

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12
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Protective layer
  • Moist surface, lines mouth, oesophagus, nose, vagina etc.
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13
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Like non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, except with a layer of dead, anucleate cells in superficial layers. This surface is tough, and resistant to tearing.

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14
Q

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

A
  • Nuclei on different levels, but all attached to basement membrane (hence psuedo-)
  • Goblet cells secrete mucus
  • Cilia filter pathogens and other shit upwards via a muco-cilliary escalator, where it can be swallowed or coughed out.
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15
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Can change shape
- Stretched: stratified squamous
- Relaxed: stratified cuboidal
Location: ureters and bladder (makes sense; stretching is required)

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16
Q

How are glands formed?

A

Congregation and subsequent invagination of glandular epithelial cells. Connective support tissues will then grow around it.

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17
Q

What are the two destinations of exocrine gland secretion?

A
  • Into the lumen of an organ
  • Directly released onto epithelial cell (e.g. sweat)
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18
Q

What is the function of connective tissue? What properties allow it to do this?

A
  • Provide support and function to the body (tensile and strong)
  • Binds tissues and organs (flexible)
  • Facilitates communication (Forms a communication network)
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19
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue made of?

A
  • Ground substance (viscous, fluid-like)
  • Fibres
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20
Q

What are the three types of fibres in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastic
  • Reticular
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21
Q

What is the main defining feature of connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix

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22
Q

What are the three classifications of connective tissue

A
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Fluid connective tissues
  • Supporting connective tissues
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23
Q

What different types of connective tissue structures enable it to provide mechanical support and protection?

A
  • Skeleton (structure and support)
  • Skin (support)
  • Fat (insulation, cushioning)
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24
Q

What are three other functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Energy storage
  • Immunity (carrying immune cells in blood)
  • Repair
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25
Q

How does connective tissue provide a framework for communication?

A

Terconnected “highway” for messenger molecules, gases, nutrients, and waste.

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26
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A
  • Loose
  • Dense
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27
Q

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

A
  • Blood
  • Lymph
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28
Q

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
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29
Q

How is loose connective tissue defined?

A

Predominantly made of ground substance. Less fibres.

30
Q

How is dense connective tissue defined?

A

Predominantly made of fibres, less ground substance.

31
Q

What are the two classifications of dense connective tissue?

A
  • Regular (parallel fibres)
  • Irregular (not parallel lines)
32
Q

Function and location of dense regular connective tissue

A

Function:
- Attach muscle to bone and bone to bone to allow for the transmission of force.
Location:
- Ligaments (B2B) and tendons (M2B)

33
Q

Function and location of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Function:
- Protect and encapsulate organs. Can absorb force from multiple directions.
Location:
- Dermis of skin
- Capsules around organs

34
Q

Function and location of loose connective tissue

A

Function:
- Nourishment and cushioning
- Allows passageway for blood vessels (and therefore immune defence) and nerves
Location:
- Underlying all epithilia
- Sheaths muscles
- Pleural and pericardal sacs

35
Q

What is the function of ground substance

A
  • Structural and biochemical support of cells
  • Regulates transport of substances (and therefore communication), including gases, waste and nutrients
36
Q

True or false: ground substance is amorphous (no shape

37
Q

How is ground substance secreted? What is the main component of ground substance?

A

Secreted mainly by fibroblasts. Mostly made of water.

38
Q

Why does it matter that ground substance varies in viscosity?

A
  • Determines how easily bacteria or other microbes can penetrate into the extracellular environment of the CT
39
Q

How does swelling relate to connective tissue?

A

Swelling occurs due to abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the ground substance of CT

40
Q

How is elastin different from collagen? How do the effects of elastin change with time?

A
  • Not as strong
  • Allows for coiling and recoiling, providing flexibility and elasticity
  • Elasticity diminishes with age
41
Q

What structures do elastic fibres make up

A
  • Skin
  • Arteries
  • Bronchi
42
Q

How are reticular fibres different from collagen?

A
  • Thinner and not as strong (inelastic like collagen)
  • Allow formation of flexible network/framework
43
Q

What structures do reticular fibres support?

A
  • Spleen
  • Liver
44
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue cells?

A
  • Structural and storage
  • Defense
  • Reserve
45
Q

What are the types of structural and storage cells in connective tissue?

A
  • Fibroblasts (secrete ground substance)
  • Fat cells
46
Q

What are the types of defence cells in connective tissue?

A
  • Marcophages
  • Leukocytes (migrating from blood)
  • Plasma cells
47
Q

What are the reserve cells in connective tissue?

A

Stem cells

48
Q

What is the most common cell in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

49
Q

Activity/function of fibroblasts

A
  • Very metabolically active
  • Make fibres and ground substance
  • Respond to injury by dividing and secreting collagen (scar tissue)
50
Q

Structure and function of adipocytes

A
  • Source of energy (fat storage)
  • When aggregated, form shock absorbers (e.g. soles of feet, palms of hand)
  • White and brown fat
51
Q

Where are leukocytes made?

A
  • Bone marrow
52
Q

What are some types of leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Eosinophils
53
Q

What is the role of plasma cell? How does this affect their rate of metabolic activity?

A
  • Antibody secretion
  • Very metabolically active
54
Q

What is the role of mast cells?

A
  • Allergic reactions
  • Release histamine
    Culprits of hay fever
55
Q

What happens when histamine is released?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Increased mucous production
56
Q

Why is muscle tissue considered excitable?

A

It can propagate electrical signals. (also contractile)

57
Q

What is another name for muscle cells?

58
Q

What structures allow muscle fibres/cells to contract?

A

Microfilaments

59
Q

How do muscle cells get their blood supply

A

Connective tissue between muscle fibres

60
Q

What are the three main types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth Muscle
61
Q

Why are skeletal muscles multi-nucleated?

A

During development, multiple myoblasts come together to form fully differentiated myocytes, which therefore have multiple nuclei.

62
Q

What are the shape of skeletal muscle cells?

A

Large and cylindrical (think of contraction)

63
Q

What causes visible striations on myocytes?

A

Overlapping of microfilaments

64
Q

Why do cardiac muscle cells look like one continuous cell?

A

They are long cells joined by intercalated discs

65
Q

Is the nucleus of a cardiac muscle cell centralised or peripheral?

A

Centralised

66
Q

Why does it make sense that cardiac muscle are connected by intercalated discs?

A

Contraction of the heart must be coordinated

67
Q

Which type of muscle tissue has no striations?

A

Smooth muscle

68
Q

What are the cytoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell?

A
  • Dendrites
  • Axons
69
Q

What are neuroglial cells?

A

Neural support cells (glia: latin -> glue)

70
Q

What are the three key properties of neurons?

A
  1. Excitability (detect stimuli)
  2. Conductivity (generate propagate signal)
  3. Secretory (release chemicals for intercellular communication)
71
Q

Which three ways can neurons communicate with other cells?

A
  • Neuron-neuron
  • Neuron-muscle
  • Neuron-gland

Foundations Of Medicine (98 decks)

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