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Foundations Of Medicine > 10.1 Introduction to body defences > Flashcards

10.1 Introduction to body defences Flashcards

1
Q

List the five components of the static barriers of the innate immune system

A
  • Skin
  • Mucosa
  • Stomach Acid
  • Tears
  • Microbiome
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2
Q

List the four components of the soluble barriers of the innate immune system

A
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Complement
  • Opsonins
  • Cytokines
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3
Q

List the five components of the cellular barriers of the innate immune system

A
  • Macrophages
  • Basophils/mast cells
  • Natural killer cells
  • Neutrophils
  • Dendritic cells
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4
Q

List the two types of cells involved in adaptive immune response

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
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5
Q

List the six classes of immune cells involved in the innate immune response

A
  • Natural killer cells
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophil/Mast Cell
  • Monocyte
  • Macrophage
  • Dendritic Cell
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6
Q

List the two types of T cells

A

CD4 and CD8

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7
Q

How do natural killer cells perform their function

A

Triggering apoptosis

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8
Q

Neutrophil function

A

Phagocytose bacteria and viruses

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9
Q

Basophil/mast cell function

A

Inflammatory response; degranulating and releasing inflammatory mediators

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10
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages (which have similar function to neutrophils)

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11
Q

Dendritic cell function

A

Capture and present antigens to CD4 T cells

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12
Q

CD4 T cell differentiation and subsequent function:

A
  • Differentiates into t helper cells
  • Secretes cytokines to help others
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13
Q

CD8 mechanism of action

A

Kills via apoptosis (basically the NKCs of the adaptive response)

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14
Q

B cell differentiation and function

A

Become plasma cells which produce antibodies

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15
Q

List the functions of skin

A
  • Protection (infection, injury)
  • Immunity
  • Sensation (touch, pain, etc.)
  • Thermoregulation
  • Water balance (sweat)
  • Waste excretion (urea, uric acid, NH3)
  • Vitamin D production
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16
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
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17
Q

What type of tissue is within the epidermis?

A

Stratified epithelium (predominantly keratinocytes)

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18
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular (needs connective tissue in dermis)

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19
Q

From bottom to top, name the five layers of the epidermis

A
  • Stratum basal
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum Corneum
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20
Q

Describe the structure and function of stratum basal

A
  • Continuous layer of single columnar epithelial cells; constantly dividing
  • Made of immature basal keratinocyte stem cells
  • Ensures that above layers of the epidermis are produced
  • Connected to basement membrane
21
Q

Describe the structure and function of stratum spinosum

A
  • “Pricke cell layer”: proteins of desmosomes for stretch and shock resistance
  • Several layers
  • Provides strength
22
Q

Describe the structure and function the stratum granulosum

A
  • Thin granular layer
  • Cells contain keratin granules, and secrete keratin into extracellular space
23
Q

Describe the structure and function the stratum lucidum

A
  • Thin clear layer
  • Only seen in thick skin (palms and soles)
  • Filled with a clear, intermediate form of keratin called eleidin
24
Q

Describe the structure and function the stratum corneum. What is the name of the process that results in constant replacement of these cells?

A
  • Multiple layers of dead cells embedded in keratin
  • Protective layer from environment
  • Constant desquamation and replacement
25
Q

What are the four types of cells in the epidermis?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Langerhans cells
  • Merkel cell
  • Melanocyte
26
Q

Structure and function of langerhans cells

A
  • Dendritic cell (antigen presenting)
  • Ingest foreign particles, and carries them to lymph nodes to inform the immune system of invaders
27
Q

Structure and function of melanocytes

A
  • Produce melanin
  • Reside in stratum basale
  • Secrete melanosomes which travel toward the apical surface and protect DNA from photo damage
28
Q

Effect of sun exposure on melanin production

A

Increases (i.e. tannning)

29
Q

Structure and function of merkel cell. Where are they located in the skin?

A
  • Nervous cell (mechanoreceptors)
  • Respond to stretch or torque (particularly in highly sensitive structures)
  • Long processes
  • Reside in stratum basale of epidermis
30
Q

Describe changes in keratinocytes as they move towards the skin surface

A
  • Keratin production increases
  • Cells flatten
  • Nuclei go away (stratum granulosum)
  • Layers of dead cells form stratum corneum
31
Q

How long is the skin regeneration cycle?

A

~28 days

32
Q

Does thick or thin skin cover most of the body?

A

Thin

33
Q

How is thick skin different from thin skin?

A
  • No hair follicles
  • Contains stratum lucidum
  • Thick stratum corneum
34
Q

Which two structures interlock to form the corrugated border between the epidermis and the dermis? Why is this shape advantageous?

A
  • Epidermal ridges
  • Dermal papillae
  • Increased surface area (both layers need each others)
  • These ridges create fingerprints
35
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary
  • Reticular
36
Q

What type of tissue is in the papillary dermis?

A
  • Loose connective tissue
37
Q

What type of connective tissue/fibres is/are in the reticular dermis?

A
  • Dense
  • Thick collagen fibres provide strength
38
Q

What is the hypodermis mainly made of?

A

Adipose

39
Q

What is the function of adipose in the hypodermis?

A
  • Insulation
  • Energy storage
  • Protection
40
Q

List the accessory organs of the skin

A
  • Hairs
  • Nerves
  • Sweat gland
41
Q

What do nerves in the epidermis sense?

A
  • Temp
  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Pressure
42
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands

A
  • Eccrine
  • Apocrine
43
Q

Which type of sweat gland is more common in areas of abundant hair

A
  • Aprocrine
44
Q

Which section of the nervous system controls sweat glands

A

Autonomic (makes sense: involuntary)

45
Q

Describe the structure of sweat glands

A
  • Secretory portion (where sweat is produced by epithelial cells of exocrine gland)
  • Duct portion (carries sweat)
46
Q

How is sweat released differently in eccrine and aprocrine glands

A

Eccrine: directly onto surface
Aprocine: release through hair follicle

47
Q

Functions of sweat glands

A
  • Waste removal
  • Thermoregulation
48
Q

Function of hair/hair follicles

A
  • Touch
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sensation
49
Q

What two structures are most hair follicles associated with?

A
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Arrector pili muscles

Foundations Of Medicine (98 decks)

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