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Foundations Of Medicine > 10.4 The Adaptive Immune System: Humoral & Cell-Mediated Immunity > Flashcards

10.4 The Adaptive Immune System: Humoral & Cell-Mediated Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Can CD4 and CD8 T cells recognise antigens if these antigens are in their natural form?

A

“Nuh Uh”

They can only recognise antigens that are processed and presented to them through their T-Cell receptor

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2
Q

What is the role of Major Histocompatibility complex?

A
  • Binds to processed antigens
  • Enables T cells to recognise antigens at their TCRs
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3
Q

Draw a diagram of antigen processing and presentation of a peptide

A

10.4.docx

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4
Q

Which MHC class presents to which type of T cell?

A

Class 1: CD8
Class 2: CD4

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5
Q

Which MHC class corresponds to endogenous and exogenous peptides?

A

Class 1: Endogenous
Class 2: Exogenous

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6
Q

Describe an MHC class 1 molecule. What type of cell is it presented on?

A
  • Yellow Alpha Protein (1,2 and 3)
  • Blue Beta 2 microglobulin (not covalently associated)
  • Expressed on nucleated cells
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7
Q

Describe an MHC class 2 molecule. What type of cell is it presented on?

A
  • Dark Alpha Protein (1 and 2)
  • Light Beta protein (1 and 2)
  • Expressed on antigen presenting cells
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8
Q

Draw a diagram of antigen processing with MHC class 1

A

10.4.docx

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9
Q

Where does the CD8 domain bind to MHC class 1?

A

Alpha 3 (bottom left yellow)

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10
Q

Where does CD4 bind to on MHC class 2?

A

Beta 2 (bottom right light)

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11
Q

WHat are the two receptor components that bind to MHC on both CD8 and CD4 T cells?

A

Alpha TCR and Beta TCR

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12
Q

In what situations is MHC class 1 useful? What happens when the antigen is presented?

A

Useful for intracellular pathogens/tumour. Leads to production of cytotoxic T cell

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13
Q

In what situations is MHC class 2 useful? What happens when the antigen is presented?

A

Useful for extracellular pathogens. Leads to production of helper T cells.

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14
Q

Draw an immunoglobulin, label the chains, disulphide bonds, and antigen binding sites

A

10.4.docx

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15
Q

What are the five types of immunoglobulin

A

GAMED

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16
Q

Which is the first Ig to be secreted? Where can it bind to antigens?

A
  • IgM
  • Binds to antigens in blood and tissue
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17
Q

Draw the structure of IgM. Describe it’s structure

A

Check diagram (+ “pentameric; 10 antigen binding sites”)

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18
Q

On what encounter with an antigen is IgG secreted more?

A

Second encounter (B cell changes from IgM to IgG, refining itself in the process)`

19
Q

Draw an IgG molecule and list off as many facts about is as you can

A

10.4.docx

20
Q

Which receptors do IgG antibodies bind to?

A

Fc receptor on amcrophages and neutrophils

21
Q

Why is sIgA called sIgA?

A

SECRETORY:
In mucosal secretions. Binds to antigens. Secretory component prevents it from breakdown by enzymes, giving it time to bind

22
Q

Is IgA monomeric or dimeric? Therefore, how many binding sites does it have?

A

Dimeric, four binding sites

23
Q

Draw sIgA

A

10.4.docx

24
Q

Draw a flow chart of B cell maturation

A

10.4.docx

25
Q

What sites do antibodies bind to on antigens?

A

Epitopes

26
Q

raw the eq rxn for agab complex formation

A

Ab + Ag <> AbAg complex

27
Q

What are the four functions of antibodies

A
  • Neutralisation
  • Agglutination
  • Opsonisation (FcR -> enhances activation)
  • Classical Complement Activation (punching hole)
28
Q

What is “specificity” of B cells?

A

when one b cell will specifically bind to one antigen

29
Q

What happens after a B cell is activated? What is this called?

A

It proliferates itself in multiple rounds (this is known as clonal proliferation)

30
Q

What do B cells differentiate into following clonal proliferation?

A
  • Memory B cells expressing IgG
  • Plasma cell (secretes IgM antibodies)
31
Q

What Ig isotype is on undifferentiated b cells?

A

IgM

32
Q

What Ig isotype do plasma cells from differentiated memory cells produce?

A

IgG

33
Q

Draw a Primary antibody graph including IgM and IgG

A

10.4.docx

34
Q

List the four steps in the initial humoral response

A
  • Recognition
  • Activation
  • Clonal proliferation
  • Differentiation
35
Q

Draw a secondary antibody graph including IgM and IgG

A

10.4.docx

36
Q

Draw a flow chart of T cell development, including where each step occurs

A
  • Haemoatopoietic Stem Cell differentiates into common lymphoid progenitor in bone marrow
  • CLP enters travels through circulation to thymus
  • Here is becomes a lymphoid progenitor cell
  • Pre T Cells
  • Mature Naive CD4 and CD8 T cells
  • Circulation again
37
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The process by which one T cell is activated upon recognition of a complementary antigen

38
Q

Draw a flowchart of T cell activation into effector cells

A

10.4.docx

39
Q

Describe the role of helper T cells in activating B cells

A
  • B cells present antigen to Th via MHC 2
  • Th release cytokines to activate B cell
40
Q

Describe the role of helper T cells in activating macrophages

A

Releases cytokines to:
- Increase phagocytotic activity
- Increase experssion of MHC II (extracellular)

41
Q

After they leave the secondary lymphoid tissues, what local vascular changes permit Tc, Th and Ig from leaving the bloodstream? Can they leave otherwise?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • No, they cannot leave otherwise
42
Q

Describe the mechanism by which Tc kill inflected cells via apoptosis

A
  • Recognises unusual cell and forms an enclosed seal (with a gap)
  • Perforins and granzymes released from granules
  • Perforins perforate, creating channels through which granzymes travel
  • Granzymes initiate apoptosis
43
Q

Which types of cells are involved in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophaghes
  • NK cells
  • Eosinophils

Foundations Of Medicine (98 decks)

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